Annotated Bibliography on Factors Contributing To Chemotherapy Intolerance Among the African American Women aged 65 years and Above
Question
For this order you will be helping me write a research proposal following the format that is presented in the attached power point slide. Please review the slides to make sure you understand the expectation of this research proposal. Before you actually start working on the research proposal, there are additional tasks that will need to be completed then once those tasks are done you may proceed with the research proposal. I usually meet with my supervisor on a weekly basis, so I will know what the next step is after my meeting which is when I will be able to update you. For example right now you will be simply collecting background information such as literature/ articles which supports the research questions. Once you are able to identify several literature/article based on the research question then you will do a bibliography on those literature/article. Please be sure to share the articles/literature as you find them. As of right now there is no specific number of articles/literature that must be found, just try to find as much as you can. While you are working on these two tasks, I will have further updates on the next step. PLEASE NOTE THE RESEARCH PROPOSAL IS THE FINAL STEP AND YOU WILL NOT START WORKING ON IT UNTIL I TELL YOU TO START WORKING ON IT. PLEASE FOLLOW MY INSTRUCTIONS AND YOU WILL BE FINE. I WILL CONTINUE TO REQUEST FOR MORE PAGES TO BE ADDED TO THIS ORDER AS THE NEED ARISES. FOR RIGHT NOW THE PAGES ARE GOING TO BE FOR THE BIBLIOGRAPHY.
The research question is:
What factors contribute to the development of chemotherapy sensitivity/intolerance in African American females age 65 years and older diagnosed with breast cancer?
*NOTE* YOU MUST USE APA FORMAT FOR ALL TASKS ASSOCIATED WITH THIS ORDER!
THANK YOU AND PLEASE DON'T HESITATE TO REACH OUT IF YOU HAVE ANY QUESTIONS OR NEED ANY FURTHER CLARIFICATION.


Solution
Annotated
Bibliography on Factors Contributing To Chemotherapy Intolerance Among the
African American Women aged 65 years and Above
Ali, G. B., Ali, S. A., Suhail, N., &
Ali, S. A. (2018). Sociocultural Factors Affecting the Treatment of Breast
Cancer Among Pakistani Women and Potential Strategies to Prevent Breast Cancer:
A Narrative Review. Open Access Journal of Reproductive System and Sexual
Disorders, 2(1), 1–6. https://lupinepublishers.com/reproductive-medicine-journal/fulltext/socio-cultural-factors-affecting-the-treatment-of-breast-cancer.ID.000126.php
Sociocultural factors such as spirituality and myths related
to breast cancer and cultural views that spread medical mistrust are related to
causing chemotherapy intolerance among African Americans at higher rates than
other ethnic groups. Among African American women, spirituality has a great
perspective on conditions such as breast cancer compared to other ethnic
groups. African American women can rely on divine intervention as the sole
strategy rather than medical intervention. Additionally, due to continuous
adherence to spirituality, African American women often think they are not
associated with being infected with breast cancer than other women due to their
adherence to spirituality. That leads to reduced mammography screening and
reduced actions towards breast cancer. Neglect among African American women leads
to continuous multiplication and mutation of breast cancer cells that are only
diagnosed later. Due to massive cell death resulting from breast cancer cells
multiplication, African American Women show intolerance to chemotherapy
sessions.
Another sociocultural belief that leads to chemotherapy
intolerance among African American women aged 65 years and above diagnosed with
breast cancer is the belief in their divine medication. The African American
women show great adherence to their traditional medication to solve
complications such as breast cancer and other chronic conditions.
Implementation of the “divine medication leads to polypharmacy due to increased
drug interaction between the body and the medication. The increased drug
interaction makes it difficult for chemotherapy. The second perspective upon
which the “divine medication” makes it hard” for chemotherapy tolerance is; the
"divine" medication is not effective in most instances. Their
ineffective results in maximum multiplication of the cancer cells. Maximum
multiplication of breast cancer cells leads to increased cancer cells volume in
the blood.
Yedjou, C. G., Sims, J. N., Miele, L.,
Noubissi, F., Lowe, L., Fonseca, D. D., Alo, R. A., Payton, M., &
Tchounwou, P. B. (2019). Health and Racial Disparity in Breast Cancer. Advances
in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 1152, 31–49. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-20301-6_3
Breast cancer remains one of the most prolific killers among
women after lung diseases. The author states that breast cancer affects nearly
all the ethnic groups in the United States, but the infection rates are not
similar. The condition is not common among younger women aged 25 years and
below but common among older adults aged 50-69 years. Considering the statistics,
African American Women have a higher incidence and prevalence than other ethnic
groups such as Asian Americans. Among the African Americans, 58-61 years is
resented as the median age for breast cancer.
The author states that issues also emerge
during the management of the condition among the different ethnic groups. The
author states that African American women aged 50 years and above present
intolerance when exposed to chemotherapy sessions to manage the malignancy. The
author then presents socioeconomic status as a reason for the intolerance to
chemotherapy sessions compared to other ethnic groups. As an explanation of the
socioeconomic status, the author accepts that African American women occupy the
lowest socioeconomic status, translating to poor health services they can
acquire when in need. The lower economic status makes them only visit the
healthcare facilities when in critical condition. Due to the malignant nature
of cancer easily infects neighboring cells, and if not checked early, it can
rapidly multiply. The intervention of the medical facilities at the latter
stages of breast cancer leads to chemotherapy intolerance due to several
multiplications and newly infected cells.
Zavala, V. A., Bracci, P. M., Carethers, J.
M., Carvajal-Carmona, L., Coggins, N. B., Cruz-Correa, M. R., Davis, M., de
Smith, A. J., Dutil, J., Figueiredo, J. C., Fox, R., Graves, K. D., Gomez, S.
L., Llera, A., Neuhausen, S. L., Newman, L., Nguyen, T., Palmer, J. R., Palmer,
N. R., & Pérez-Stable, E. J. (2020). Cancer health disparities in
racial/ethnic minorities in the United States. British Journal of Cancer,
1–18. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41416-020-01038-6
Within African American women ethnic group, the author
presents genetic variables as critical in pronouncing chemotherapy intolerance.
BRCA 1 and the BRCA II are related to around 50% of the cancer varieties for
families with breast cancer history. There are minor mutations such as PTEN,
CDH1, and RAD51C, all presenting minimal risk of developing breast cancer. PALB2
genetic mutation presents an increased risk of developing breast cancer in
almost equal proportion as the BRCA 1 and BRCA II mutation. PALB2 belongs to
the group of genes called the tumor suppressor genes. PALB2 genes interact with
BRCA 1 and BRCA ii in the DNA repair. However, the author reveals that an
interaction of the two genes results in approximately 33% chances of developing
breast cancer among women with a bad mutation at 70 years.
The author states that the difference in
breast cancer biology and genetics among African American women play a role in
reduced chemotherapy tolerance among African American Women compared to the
other ethnic groups such as Asians. A study involving 4885 white patients, 1016
and 777 Hispanic women revealed the difference in chemotherapy response among the
different ethnic groups. From the research, African American women showed the lowest
response compared to the Asians and Hispanic women. The reduced response was
due to the rapid mutation observed based on the interaction of the BRCA 1, BRCA
II and PALB2. The research conclusion affirms that PALB2, BRCA 1 and BRCA II
mutation in African American women plays a role in chemotherapy intolerance.
Nayana. (2020). Breast Cancer, Race, and
Ethnicity. WebMD. https://www.webmd.com/breast-cancer/guide/race-ethnicity
The author states that the exact causes of breast cancer have
not been identified but getting older is a predisposing factor to developing
breast cancer. Breast cancer, mainly experienced at older ages, is mainly due
to cellular emaciation and loss of cellular functionality. The higher breast
cancer incidence rates among African American women are associated with the
disease's diagnosis. Research shows that most African American women seek
medical intervention when their cancer is untreatable, usually close to the
last stage. Due to the nature of older people, lack of proper healthcare is a
predisposing factor to the condition.
From the basic biology information, the
cells tend to get older as an individual gets older. Older people have a
reduced number of active immune cells. African American women mostly see
medical intervention in the latter stages of their breast cancer development,
finding that breast cancer cells have multiplied and speeded out to neighboring
cells. Application of chemotherapy methods of elimination and treatment due to
the reduced immune cells that can supplement the chemotherapy towards its
effectiveness.
Richardson, L. C., Henley, S. J., Miller,
J. W., Massetti, G., & Thomas, C. C. (2017). Patterns and Trends in
Age-Specific Black-White Differences in Breast Cancer Incidence and Mortality -
the United States, 1999-2014. MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report,
65(40), 1093–1098. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6540a1
The reduced chemotherapy tolerance among African American
women aged 65 years and above is due to the difference in the living standards
compared to the other ethnic groups. African American people are associated
with low-quality jobs and professions, and the aftermath is low living
standards among the African American people. The low living standards go handy
with the type of services provided from the education, medical and social
amenities available at their disposal. The low living standards among African
Americans lead to little or no education services acquired by this group of
people.
Reduced living standards lead to intake of poor foods that
cannot effectively manage an individual and prevent them from being immune to
certain conditions. Additionally,
the poor living standards lead to limited activities such as
exercises and breast cancer prevention strategies such as occasional massage on
the breast that reduced the breast clumps, thus reducing the incidence of
breast cancer.
The author also relates poor living
standards to misinformation that limits the African American women from seeking
medical intervention in time that, results in poor medical responses due to not
reporting to the medical facilities in time to manage the condition before it
becomes worse.
Hair, B. Y., Hayes, S., Tse, C.-K., Bell,
M. B., & Olshan, A. F. (2017). Racial differences in physical activity
among breast cancer survivors: Implications for breast cancer care. Cancer,
120(14), 2174–2182. https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.28630
Involvement in physical activities such as exercises
after being diagnosed with breast cancer is related to improving the quality of
life and increasing the recovery from the condition. The meta-analysis has also
related the involvement in physical activities and exercises to reduce the death
rate associated with breast cancer while increasing the survival of patients
previously diagnosed. According to statistical findings, on the measure of the
benefits that come along by implementing the strategy, there has been a massive
34% reduction in mortality.
However, implementing the regular exercise strategy is an
issue for African American women, leading to their reduced chemotherapy
responses after being diagnosed with breast cancer. Increased physical
activities and exercises improve the chemotherapy sessions by activating the
immune cells and making them stronger in eliminating the cancer cells. The case
is different, with little or poor strategy application, leading to poor
responses.
Freedman, R. A., Virgo, K. S., He, Y.,
Pavluck, A. L., Winer, E. P., Ward, E. M., & Keating, N. L. (2010). The
association of race/ethnicity, insurance status, and socioeconomic factors with
breast cancer care. Cancer, 117(1), 180–189. https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.25542
There is limited information presenting how the difference in
ethnicities relates to breast cancer treatment. The author states that several
steps have been carried out to identify the distinguishing property that makes
African American women show little tolerance to chemotherapy. One factor
majorly stands out considering the breast cancer disparities within the
different ethnic groups; level of awareness. In the United States, African
Americans are among the poorly educated people in the nation. As a result of
the poor educational achievements, African Americans have little awareness of
what it partakes to be breast cancer-free. The limited awareness has often
translated to limited hospital visits and reduced consultation activities
regarding breast cancer awareness. As a result of the reduced awareness, there
are reduced hospitalization and checkups. The reduced hospitalization is the
maximum multiplication of the cancer cells that the chemotherapy technique can
no longer kill.
Stringer-Reasor, E. M., Elkhanany, A., Khoury, K., Simon, M.
A., & Newman, L. A. (2021). Disparities in Breast Cancer Associated With
African American Identity. American Society of Clinical Oncology Educational
Book, 41, e29–e46. https://doi.org/10.1200/edbk_319929
Racism
disparities are one of the reasons for reduced chemotherapy tolerance among
African American women of ages 65 years and above diagnosed with breast cancer.
Systematic racism has been widely documented and represented in the current
United States, spanning wealth distribution, job opportunities and access to
health opportunities. The disparities go forward and relate the African American
healthcare facilities to incompetent services from incompetent healthcare workers.
Scientifically, breast cancer is rare among ladies of younger ages considering
their reproductive health and other growth and development factors. However,
the situation is slightly different for older African American women. Due to
the racism disparity, the healthcare facilities are filled with many
incompetent caregivers, and the result is poor administration of poor
healthcare services. Therefore, African American women aged 65 years show limited
or no response to the poor medical services provided in the facilities being an
affirmative reason why the African American women have little or no response to
chemotherapy after being diagnosed with breast cancer.
Siddharth, S., & Sharma, D. (2018). Racial Disparity and
Triple-Negative Breast Cancer in African-American Women: A Multifaceted Affair
between Obesity, Biology, and Socioeconomic Determinants. Cancers, 10(12),
514. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers10120514
The
article relates poor chemotherapy tolerance among African American women to
pre-existing conditions within their health. Some of the predisposing factors
to the reduced tolerance included obesity and biology. Experiences of
conditions such as obesity at older age among African American women shift the
immune response from cancer immunity to resistance to obesity. The shift is due
to the limited response towards the cancer response, thus leading to increased
breast cancer cells. A condition such as obesity mainly occurs as opportunistic
conditions at an older age. Additionally, breast cancer tumor biology can lead
to complications that compromise recovery. Due to a weakened opportunistic
immune system, the body responds solely or shows a complete lack of response and
the same is reciprocated in chemotherapy response.
Additionally, the status of lymph nodes can also affect the
chemotherapy response of African American women compared to their Asian and
English counterparts. The African American women present most of the malignant
lymph nodes that can translate to cancer of the other body organs. The
existence of such malignancies insinuates an interaction between several malignant
cells. The byproduct of an interaction of several malignant cells in breast
cancer cells that the chemotherapy technique cannot easily eliminate.
Release, M. A. N. (2018). The study may explain why some
triple-negative breast cancers are resistant to chemotherapy. MD Anderson
Cancer Center. https://www.mdanderson.org/newsroom/study-may-explain-why-some-triple-negative-breast-cancers-are-resistant-to-chemotherapy.h00-159223356.html#:~:text=Triple%2Dnegative%20breast%20cancer%20(TNBC
Another
explanation for the chemotherapy intolerance among African American women is the
experience of Triple-negative breast cancer, one of the cancer varieties that
accounts for 18% of breast cancers. Triple-negative breast cancer is an
insinuation of the fact that cancer cells are estrogen and progesterone
negative, and as a result, not much of the HER 2 protein is made from the
cells. Triple-negative breast cancer is very aggressive because it grows very
fast and easily affects neighboring cells. Statistical analysis confirms that
(TNBC) is more associated with African American Women than other ethnic groups.
(TNBC) is among the scary diagnoses. Research reveals that although
chemotherapy can be considered an ideal management method, many patients become
intolerant to chemotherapy as the mode of treatment.
The
mechanism of (TNBC) resistance occurs in a mechanism. Resistance results from a
mutation that further progresses to form subclones that result from genetic
aberrations due to the dynamic cancer pathway. Due to multiple subclones formed
within a short period in (TNBC), chemotherapy is limited to acting on the
cancer cells, thus confirming chemotherapy intolerance for the African American
Women that are previously diagnosed with breast cancer of ages 65 years and
above.
Yee, M. K., Sereika, S. M., Bender, C. M., Brufsky, A. M.,
Connolly, M. C., & Rosenzweig, M. Q. (2017). Symptom incidence, distress,
cancer-related distress, and adherence to chemotherapy among African American
women with breast cancer. Cancer, 123(11), 2061–2069. https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.30575
There
exist disparities in chemotherapy response between African American women and
white women diagnosed with breast cancer. Historically, the survival from
breast cancer was mainly due to the detection of the condition at earlier
development stages. The cancer management strategy principles state that any
cancer can be easily eliminated when detected at the early development stages. Among
the African American women and the other ethnic groups such as Asian American
women, the time of detection and the response towards the detected condition
has for a long time created the chemotherapy deficit between the African
American women and Asian American women among other ethnic groups. African
American women have reduced response towards breast cancer after the detection.
Prolonged stays lead to several mutations and multiplication of the breast
cancer cells, spreading them to the neighboring cells, thus infection.
Increased breast cancer cells in body tissues make it harder for the
chemotherapy technique to be effective and limits the patient's response to the
very strategy.
Schneider. (2020). Researchers aim to personalize
chemotherapy for black patients with breast cancer. Www.healio.com. https://www.healio.com/news/hematology-oncology/20200126/researchers-aim-to-personalize-chemotherapy-for-black-patients-with-breast-cancer
The
author relates the fear of developing neuropathic complications to be one of
the reasons for reduced tolerance to chemotherapy. taxane-based chemotherapy
leads to the development of neuropathic complications among all races. However,
African Americans possess several genes that expose them to the severity of the
condition. According to research involving 5000 women, developing neuropathy
for African Americans was double the risk of the other ethnic groups such as
Asian Americans. Further analysis of the results reveals that adults aged 60
years and above are the most prone to the development of neuropathy. In
establishing the relationship between neuropathy and chemotherapy, the author
explains the above. In breast cancer management, neuropathy often makes the
practitioner reduce the chemotherapy dose for black patients. Therefore, the
reduction of chemotherapy does an insinuation of insufficient chemotherapy, and
chemotherapy intolerance often prevails, thus confirming the reason for
chemotherapy intolerance among African American women aged 65 years and above
and previously diagnosed with breast cancer.
Foy, K. C., Fisher, J. L., Lustberg, M. B., Gray, D. M., DeGraffinreid,
C. R., & Paskett, E. D. (2018). Disparities in breast cancer tumor
characteristics, treatment, time to treatment, and survival probability among
African American and white women. npj Breast Cancer, 4(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41523-018-0059-5
The
author confirms substance abuse, such as tobacco, is related to reduced
chemotherapy intolerance among African American women compared to Whites. According
to research carried o identify the effect of tobacco on breast cancer, the
research reveals that tobacco can lead to other cancer variants. Analysis of
the incidence of tobacco use among African Americans found out that most
African American women aged above 60 years are tobacco users. In his
explanation, the author states that tobacco use can lead to other types of
cancer. The interaction of breast cancer cells and other cancer variants translates
to mutations that inhibit chemotherapy radiation from killing the cancer cells.
Screening
behaviors are also predisposing factors to increase chemotherapy intolerance
among African American women with breast cancer. The screening behavior principles
require that the affected individuals attend medical facilities for medical checkups.
Tallying research was carried out to identify the fluency of African American
women visiting medical facilities to seek medical services. The results affirm
that the African American women had reduced visits to the medical facilities.
The occasional failed visits for medical screening and chemotherapy sessions
among the African American women leads to constant multiplication of the breast
cancer cells that in the long prove impossible to eliminate through the
implementation of the chemotherapy technique.
Jiang, Y., Sereika, S., Bender, C., Brufsky, A., &
Rosenzweig, M. (2016). Beliefs in Chemotherapy and Knowledge of Cancer and
Treatment Among African American Women With Newly Diagnosed Breast Cancer. Oncology
Nursing Forum, 43(2), 180–189. https://doi.org/10.1188/16.onf.180-189
The
author states that chemotherapy among African American women has increased
chemotherapy intolerance for the African American women previously diagnosed
with breast cancer. Further, the author argues that African American women
diagnosed with breast cancer consider chemotherapy a recommendation but do not
know why the therapy is recommended. The insufficient knowledge about
chemotherapy among African American Women is confirmed by research that
confirms the lack of proper internalization of the ideas and management
strategies and side effects provided by the physicians to help them manage
their situations.
Results
reveal that the African American women showed little concern for the future
intercession of the chemotherapy sessions. However, the issue turns out
differently when the cancer is now severe that the affected have to forcefully
attend a health facility for chemotherapy. Due to the occasional skip and
incorrect dose administered, the African American women become intolerant to
the chemotherapy sessions.
Sreenivas, S. (2020). Racial Disparities in Breast Cancer.
WebMD. https://www.webmd.com/breast-cancer/features/racial-disparity-breast-cancer
The
author argues that another reason for the reduced chemotherapy tolerance within
the African American women ethnic group diagnosed with breast cancer is they
are likely to be affected by a very severe breast cancer strain that translates
to 20% of all the other types of cancer. African American women are mostly
affected with TNBC cancer variety which is severe. The triple-negative breast
cancer mutates and invades neighboring cells. The ability to affect the
neighboring cells makes triple-negative breast cancer difficult to eliminate
through chemotherapy techniques. The reason, therefore, explains the
chemotherapy intolerance among African American women diagnosed with breast
cancer.
Núñez Abad, M., Calabuig-Fariñas, S., Lobo de Mena, M., José
Godes Sanz de Bremond, M., García González, C., Torres Martínez, S.,
García-García, J. Á., Iranzo González-Cruz, V., & Camps Herrero, C. (2021).
Update on systemic treatment in early triple negative breast cancer. Therapeutic
Advances in Medical Oncology, 13, 175883592098674. https://doi.org/10.1177/1758835920986749
The
author states that another reason for the increase in chemotherapy intolerance
among African American women is due to polypharmacy and drug reactions that
translate to poor outcomes for the African American women with breast cancer
compared to other ethnic groups such as Asian Americans and even the Chinese. According
to research carried out to identify the medical response between the African
American women and the White women, the African American women show poo
responses to the medication compared to the white American women. The aftermath
of the poor medical interaction has often led to limited survival o African
American women ages 65 years and above.
In clarifying how the concept relates to chemotherapy
intolerance, the author states that chemotherapy is only prescribed to
supplement other medication prescribed b the physicians after a breast cancer
diagnosis. The research went forward and identified the medical outcomes
resulting from polypharmacy between African American women and White American
women. The results showed that African American women experienced higher
polypharmacy rates than their White American counterparts. The increase in drug
interaction among African American women aged 65 years and above makes it
harder for the chemotherapy techniques to easily reduce the severity of breast
cancer, thus leading to reduced chemotherapy responses among African American
women.
The
authors support the confirmation by adding that an associate Professor Bryan
Schneider carried out research to compare the adverse effects of medication
between African American women and their white counterparts. Results revealed
that African American women experienced more serious adverse effects than their
American counterparts. The research further identified the genetic markers
beyond the genes that identified ancestry and confirmed that African American
women aged 65 years and above have genes that increase their adverse medication
effects. The genes that determine the adverse effects o medication become a
basis for the reduced chemotherapy responses.
Bibliographies
Ali, G. B., Ali, S. A., Suhail, N., &
Ali, S. A. (2018). Sociocultural Factors Affecting the Treatment of Breast
Cancer Among Pakistani Women and Potential Strategies to Prevent Breast Cancer:
A Narrative Review. Open Access Journal of Reproductive System and Sexual
Disorders, 2(1), 1–6. https://lupinepublishers.com/reproductive-medicine-journal/fulltext/socio-cultural-factors-affecting-the-treatment-of-breast-cancer.ID.000126.php
Foy, K. C., Fisher, J. L., Lustberg, M. B., Gray, D. M.,
DeGraffinreid, C. R., & Paskett, E. D. (2018). Disparities in breast cancer
tumor characteristics, treatment, time to treatment, and survival probability
among African American and white women. npj Breast Cancer, 4(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41523-018-0059-5
Freedman, R. A., Virgo, K. S., He, Y.,
Pavluck, A. L., Winer, E. P., Ward, E. M., & Keating, N. L. (2010). The
association of race/ethnicity, insurance status, and socioeconomic factors with
breast cancer care. Cancer, 117(1), 180–189. https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.25542
Hair, B. Y., Hayes, S., Tse, C.-K., Bell,
M. B., & Olshan, A. F. (2017). Racial differences in physical activity
among breast cancer survivors: Implications for breast cancer care. Cancer,
120(14), 2174–2182. https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.28630
Jiang, Y., Sereika, S., Bender, C., Brufsky, A., &
Rosenzweig, M. (2016). Beliefs in Chemotherapy and Knowledge of Cancer and
Treatment Among African American Women With Newly Diagnosed Breast Cancer. Oncology
Nursing Forum, 43(2), 180–189. https://doi.org/10.1188/16.onf.180-189
Nayana. (2020). Breast Cancer, Race, and
Ethnicity. WebMD. https://www.webmd.com/breast-cancer/guide/race-ethnicity
Núñez Abad, M., Calabuig-Fariñas, S., Lobo de Mena, M., José
Godes Sanz de Bremond, M., García González, C., Torres Martínez, S.,
García-García, J. Á., Iranzo González-Cruz, V., & Camps Herrero, C. (2021).
Update on systemic treatment in early triple negative breast cancer. Therapeutic
Advances in Medical Oncology, 13, 175883592098674. https://doi.org/10.1177/1758835920986749
Release, M. A. N. (2018). The study may explain why some
triple-negative breast cancers are resistant to chemotherapy. MD Anderson
Cancer Center. https://www.mdanderson.org/newsroom/study-may-explain-why-some-triple-negative-breast-cancers-are-resistant-to-chemotherapy.h00-159223356.html#:~:text=Triple%2Dnegative%20breast%20cancer%20(TNBC
Richardson, L. C., Henley, S. J., Miller,
J. W., Massetti, G., & Thomas, C. C. (2017). Patterns and Trends in
Age-Specific Black-White Differences in Breast Cancer Incidence and Mortality -
the United States, 1999-2014. MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report,
65(40), 1093–1098. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6540a1
Schneider. (2020). Researchers aim to personalize
chemotherapy for black patients with breast cancer. Www.healio.com. https://www.healio.com/news/hematology-oncology/20200126/researchers-aim-to-personalize-chemotherapy-for-black-patients-with-breast-cancer
Siddharth, S., & Sharma, D. (2018). Racial Disparity and
Triple-Negative Breast Cancer in African-American Women: A Multifaceted Affair
between Obesity, Biology, and Socioeconomic Determinants. Cancers, 10(12),
514. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers10120514
Sreenivas, S. (2020). Racial Disparities in Breast Cancer.
WebMD. https://www.webmd.com/breast-cancer/features/racial-disparity-breast-cancer
Stringer-Reasor, E. M., Elkhanany, A., Khoury, K., Simon, M.
A., & Newman, L. A. (2021). Disparities in Breast Cancer Associated With
African American Identity. American Society of Clinical Oncology Educational
Book, 41, e29–e46. https://doi.org/10.1200/edbk_319929
Yedjou, C. G., Sims, J. N., Miele, L.,
Noubissi, F., Lowe, L., Fonseca, D. D., Alo, R. A., Payton, M., &
Tchounwou, P. B. (2019). Health and Racial Disparity in Breast Cancer. Advances
in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 1152, 31–49. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-20301-6_3
Yee, M. K., Sereika, S. M., Bender, C. M., Brufsky, A. M.,
Connolly, M. C., & Rosenzweig, M. Q. (2017). Symptom incidence, distress,
cancer-related distress, and adherence to chemotherapy among African American
women with breast cancer. Cancer, 123(11), 2061–2069. https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.30575
Zavala, V. A., Bracci, P. M., Carethers, J.
M., Carvajal-Carmona, L., Coggins, N. B., Cruz-Correa, M. R., Davis, M., de
Smith, A. J., Dutil, J., Figueiredo, J. C., Fox, R., Graves, K. D., Gomez, S.
L., Llera, A., Neuhausen, S. L., Newman, L., Nguyen, T., Palmer, J. R., Palmer,
N. R., & Pérez-Stable, E. J. (2020). Cancer health disparities in
racial/ethnic minorities in the United States. British Journal of Cancer,
1–18. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41416-020-01038-6



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