Annotated Bibliography on Factors Contributing To Chemotherapy Intolerance Among the African American Women aged 65 years and Above

Annotated Bibliography on Factors Contributing To Chemotherapy Intolerance Among the African American Women aged 65 years and Above

Ali, G. B., Ali, S. A., Suhail, N., & Ali, S. A. (2018). Sociocultural Factors Affecting the Treatment of Breast Cancer Among Pakistani Women and Potential Strategies to Prevent Breast Cancer: A Narrative Review. Open Access Journal of Reproductive System and Sexual Disorders, 2(1), 1–6. https://lupinepublishers.com/reproductive-medicine-journal/fulltext/socio-cultural-factors-affecting-the-treatment-of-breast-cancer.ID.000126.php

Sociocultural factors such as spirituality and myths related to breast cancer and cultural views that spread medical mistrust are related to causing chemotherapy intolerance among African Americans at higher rates than other ethnic groups. Among African American women, spirituality has a great perspective on conditions such as breast cancer compared to other ethnic groups. African American women can rely on divine intervention as the sole strategy rather than medical intervention. Additionally, due to continuous adherence to spirituality, African American women often think they are not associated with being infected with breast cancer than other women due to their adherence to spirituality. That leads to reduced mammography screening and reduced actions towards breast cancer. Neglect among African American women leads to continuous multiplication and mutation of breast cancer cells that are only diagnosed later. Due to massive cell death resulting from breast cancer cells multiplication, African American Women show intolerance to chemotherapy sessions.

Another sociocultural belief that leads to chemotherapy intolerance among African American women aged 65 years and above diagnosed with breast cancer is the belief in their divine medication. The African American women show great adherence to their traditional medication to solve complications such as breast cancer and other chronic conditions. Implementation of the “divine medication leads to polypharmacy due to increased drug interaction between the body and the medication. The increased drug interaction makes it difficult for chemotherapy. The second perspective upon which the “divine medication” makes it hard” for chemotherapy tolerance is; the "divine" medication is not effective in most instances. Their ineffective results in maximum multiplication of the cancer cells. Maximum multiplication of breast cancer cells leads to increased cancer cells volume in the blood.

Yedjou, C. G., Sims, J. N., Miele, L., Noubissi, F., Lowe, L., Fonseca, D. D., Alo, R. A., Payton, M., & Tchounwou, P. B. (2019). Health and Racial Disparity in Breast Cancer. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 1152, 31–49. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-20301-6_3

Breast cancer remains one of the most prolific killers among women after lung diseases. The author states that breast cancer affects nearly all the ethnic groups in the United States, but the infection rates are not similar. The condition is not common among younger women aged 25 years and below but common among older adults aged 50-69 years. Considering the statistics, African American Women have a higher incidence and prevalence than other ethnic groups such as Asian Americans. Among the African Americans, 58-61 years is resented as the median age for breast cancer.  

The author states that issues also emerge during the management of the condition among the different ethnic groups. The author states that African American women aged 50 years and above present intolerance when exposed to chemotherapy sessions to manage the malignancy. The author then presents socioeconomic status as a reason for the intolerance to chemotherapy sessions compared to other ethnic groups. As an explanation of the socioeconomic status, the author accepts that African American women occupy the lowest socioeconomic status, translating to poor health services they can acquire when in need. The lower economic status makes them only visit the healthcare facilities when in critical condition. Due to the malignant nature of cancer easily infects neighboring cells, and if not checked early, it can rapidly multiply. The intervention of the medical facilities at the latter stages of breast cancer leads to chemotherapy intolerance due to several multiplications and newly infected cells.

Zavala, V. A., Bracci, P. M., Carethers, J. M., Carvajal-Carmona, L., Coggins, N. B., Cruz-Correa, M. R., Davis, M., de Smith, A. J., Dutil, J., Figueiredo, J. C., Fox, R., Graves, K. D., Gomez, S. L., Llera, A., Neuhausen, S. L., Newman, L., Nguyen, T., Palmer, J. R., Palmer, N. R., & Pérez-Stable, E. J. (2020). Cancer health disparities in racial/ethnic minorities in the United States. British Journal of Cancer, 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41416-020-01038-6

Within African American women ethnic group, the author presents genetic variables as critical in pronouncing chemotherapy intolerance. BRCA 1 and the BRCA II are related to around 50% of the cancer varieties for families with breast cancer history. There are minor mutations such as PTEN, CDH1, and RAD51C, all presenting minimal risk of developing breast cancer. PALB2 genetic mutation presents an increased risk of developing breast cancer in almost equal proportion as the BRCA 1 and BRCA II mutation. PALB2 belongs to the group of genes called the tumor suppressor genes. PALB2 genes interact with BRCA 1 and BRCA ii in the DNA repair. However, the author reveals that an interaction of the two genes results in approximately 33% chances of developing breast cancer among women with a bad mutation at 70 years.

The author states that the difference in breast cancer biology and genetics among African American women play a role in reduced chemotherapy tolerance among African American Women compared to the other ethnic groups such as Asians. A study involving 4885 white patients, 1016 and 777 Hispanic women revealed the difference in chemotherapy response among the different ethnic groups. From the research, African American women showed the lowest response compared to the Asians and Hispanic women. The reduced response was due to the rapid mutation observed based on the interaction of the BRCA 1, BRCA II and PALB2. The research conclusion affirms that PALB2, BRCA 1 and BRCA II mutation in African American women plays a role in chemotherapy intolerance.

Nayana. (2020). Breast Cancer, Race, and Ethnicity. WebMD. https://www.webmd.com/breast-cancer/guide/race-ethnicity

The author states that the exact causes of breast cancer have not been identified but getting older is a predisposing factor to developing breast cancer. Breast cancer, mainly experienced at older ages, is mainly due to cellular emaciation and loss of cellular functionality. The higher breast cancer incidence rates among African American women are associated with the disease's diagnosis. Research shows that most African American women seek medical intervention when their cancer is untreatable, usually close to the last stage. Due to the nature of older people, lack of proper healthcare is a predisposing factor to the condition.

From the basic biology information, the cells tend to get older as an individual gets older. Older people have a reduced number of active immune cells. African American women mostly see medical intervention in the latter stages of their breast cancer development, finding that breast cancer cells have multiplied and speeded out to neighboring cells. Application of chemotherapy methods of elimination and treatment due to the reduced immune cells that can supplement the chemotherapy towards its effectiveness.

Richardson, L. C., Henley, S. J., Miller, J. W., Massetti, G., & Thomas, C. C. (2017). Patterns and Trends in Age-Specific Black-White Differences in Breast Cancer Incidence and Mortality - the United States, 1999-2014. MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 65(40), 1093–1098. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6540a1

The reduced chemotherapy tolerance among African American women aged 65 years and above is due to the difference in the living standards compared to the other ethnic groups. African American people are associated with low-quality jobs and professions, and the aftermath is low living standards among the African American people. The low living standards go handy with the type of services provided from the education, medical and social amenities available at their disposal. The low living standards among African Americans lead to little or no education services acquired by this group of people.

Reduced living standards lead to intake of poor foods that cannot effectively manage an individual and prevent them from being immune to certain conditions. Additionally,

the poor living standards lead to limited activities such as exercises and breast cancer prevention strategies such as occasional massage on the breast that reduced the breast clumps, thus reducing the incidence of breast cancer.

The author also relates poor living standards to misinformation that limits the African American women from seeking medical intervention in time that, results in poor medical responses due to not reporting to the medical facilities in time to manage the condition before it becomes worse.

Hair, B. Y., Hayes, S., Tse, C.-K., Bell, M. B., & Olshan, A. F. (2017). Racial differences in physical activity among breast cancer survivors: Implications for breast cancer care. Cancer, 120(14), 2174–2182. https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.28630

Involvement in physical activities such as exercises after being diagnosed with breast cancer is related to improving the quality of life and increasing the recovery from the condition. The meta-analysis has also related the involvement in physical activities and exercises to reduce the death rate associated with breast cancer while increasing the survival of patients previously diagnosed. According to statistical findings, on the measure of the benefits that come along by implementing the strategy, there has been a massive 34% reduction in mortality.

However, implementing the regular exercise strategy is an issue for African American women, leading to their reduced chemotherapy responses after being diagnosed with breast cancer. Increased physical activities and exercises improve the chemotherapy sessions by activating the immune cells and making them stronger in eliminating the cancer cells. The case is different, with little or poor strategy application, leading to poor responses.

Freedman, R. A., Virgo, K. S., He, Y., Pavluck, A. L., Winer, E. P., Ward, E. M., & Keating, N. L. (2010). The association of race/ethnicity, insurance status, and socioeconomic factors with breast cancer care. Cancer, 117(1), 180–189. https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.25542

There is limited information presenting how the difference in ethnicities relates to breast cancer treatment. The author states that several steps have been carried out to identify the distinguishing property that makes African American women show little tolerance to chemotherapy. One factor majorly stands out considering the breast cancer disparities within the different ethnic groups; level of awareness. In the United States, African Americans are among the poorly educated people in the nation. As a result of the poor educational achievements, African Americans have little awareness of what it partakes to be breast cancer-free. The limited awareness has often translated to limited hospital visits and reduced consultation activities regarding breast cancer awareness. As a result of the reduced awareness, there are reduced hospitalization and checkups. The reduced hospitalization is the maximum multiplication of the cancer cells that the chemotherapy technique can no longer kill.

Stringer-Reasor, E. M., Elkhanany, A., Khoury, K., Simon, M. A., & Newman, L. A. (2021). Disparities in Breast Cancer Associated With African American Identity. American Society of Clinical Oncology Educational Book, 41, e29–e46. https://doi.org/10.1200/edbk_319929

Racism disparities are one of the reasons for reduced chemotherapy tolerance among African American women of ages 65 years and above diagnosed with breast cancer. Systematic racism has been widely documented and represented in the current United States, spanning wealth distribution, job opportunities and access to health opportunities. The disparities go forward and relate the African American healthcare facilities to incompetent services from incompetent healthcare workers. Scientifically, breast cancer is rare among ladies of younger ages considering their reproductive health and other growth and development factors. However, the situation is slightly different for older African American women. Due to the racism disparity, the healthcare facilities are filled with many incompetent caregivers, and the result is poor administration of poor healthcare services. Therefore, African American women aged 65 years show limited or no response to the poor medical services provided in the facilities being an affirmative reason why the African American women have little or no response to chemotherapy after being diagnosed with breast cancer.

Siddharth, S., & Sharma, D. (2018). Racial Disparity and Triple-Negative Breast Cancer in African-American Women: A Multifaceted Affair between Obesity, Biology, and Socioeconomic Determinants. Cancers, 10(12), 514. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers10120514

The article relates poor chemotherapy tolerance among African American women to pre-existing conditions within their health. Some of the predisposing factors to the reduced tolerance included obesity and biology. Experiences of conditions such as obesity at older age among African American women shift the immune response from cancer immunity to resistance to obesity. The shift is due to the limited response towards the cancer response, thus leading to increased breast cancer cells. A condition such as obesity mainly occurs as opportunistic conditions at an older age. Additionally, breast cancer tumor biology can lead to complications that compromise recovery. Due to a weakened opportunistic immune system, the body responds solely or shows a complete lack of response and the same is reciprocated in chemotherapy response.

Additionally, the status of lymph nodes can also affect the chemotherapy response of African American women compared to their Asian and English counterparts. The African American women present most of the malignant lymph nodes that can translate to cancer of the other body organs. The existence of such malignancies insinuates an interaction between several malignant cells. The byproduct of an interaction of several malignant cells in breast cancer cells that the chemotherapy technique cannot easily eliminate.

Release, M. A. N. (2018). The study may explain why some triple-negative breast cancers are resistant to chemotherapy. MD Anderson Cancer Center. https://www.mdanderson.org/newsroom/study-may-explain-why-some-triple-negative-breast-cancers-are-resistant-to-chemotherapy.h00-159223356.html#:~:text=Triple%2Dnegative%20breast%20cancer%20(TNBC

Another explanation for the chemotherapy intolerance among African American women is the experience of Triple-negative breast cancer, one of the cancer varieties that accounts for 18% of breast cancers. Triple-negative breast cancer is an insinuation of the fact that cancer cells are estrogen and progesterone negative, and as a result, not much of the HER 2 protein is made from the cells. Triple-negative breast cancer is very aggressive because it grows very fast and easily affects neighboring cells. Statistical analysis confirms that (TNBC) is more associated with African American Women than other ethnic groups. (TNBC) is among the scary diagnoses. Research reveals that although chemotherapy can be considered an ideal management method, many patients become intolerant to chemotherapy as the mode of treatment.

The mechanism of (TNBC) resistance occurs in a mechanism. Resistance results from a mutation that further progresses to form subclones that result from genetic aberrations due to the dynamic cancer pathway. Due to multiple subclones formed within a short period in (TNBC), chemotherapy is limited to acting on the cancer cells, thus confirming chemotherapy intolerance for the African American Women that are previously diagnosed with breast cancer of ages 65 years and above.

Yee, M. K., Sereika, S. M., Bender, C. M., Brufsky, A. M., Connolly, M. C., & Rosenzweig, M. Q. (2017). Symptom incidence, distress, cancer-related distress, and adherence to chemotherapy among African American women with breast cancer. Cancer, 123(11), 2061–2069. https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.30575

There exist disparities in chemotherapy response between African American women and white women diagnosed with breast cancer. Historically, the survival from breast cancer was mainly due to the detection of the condition at earlier development stages. The cancer management strategy principles state that any cancer can be easily eliminated when detected at the early development stages. Among the African American women and the other ethnic groups such as Asian American women, the time of detection and the response towards the detected condition has for a long time created the chemotherapy deficit between the African American women and Asian American women among other ethnic groups. African American women have reduced response towards breast cancer after the detection. Prolonged stays lead to several mutations and multiplication of the breast cancer cells, spreading them to the neighboring cells, thus infection. Increased breast cancer cells in body tissues make it harder for the chemotherapy technique to be effective and limits the patient's response to the very strategy.  

Schneider. (2020). Researchers aim to personalize chemotherapy for black patients with breast cancer. Www.healio.com. https://www.healio.com/news/hematology-oncology/20200126/researchers-aim-to-personalize-chemotherapy-for-black-patients-with-breast-cancer

The author relates the fear of developing neuropathic complications to be one of the reasons for reduced tolerance to chemotherapy. taxane-based chemotherapy leads to the development of neuropathic complications among all races. However, African Americans possess several genes that expose them to the severity of the condition. According to research involving 5000 women, developing neuropathy for African Americans was double the risk of the other ethnic groups such as Asian Americans. Further analysis of the results reveals that adults aged 60 years and above are the most prone to the development of neuropathy. In establishing the relationship between neuropathy and chemotherapy, the author explains the above. In breast cancer management, neuropathy often makes the practitioner reduce the chemotherapy dose for black patients. Therefore, the reduction of chemotherapy does an insinuation of insufficient chemotherapy, and chemotherapy intolerance often prevails, thus confirming the reason for chemotherapy intolerance among African American women aged 65 years and above and previously diagnosed with breast cancer.

Foy, K. C., Fisher, J. L., Lustberg, M. B., Gray, D. M., DeGraffinreid, C. R., & Paskett, E. D. (2018). Disparities in breast cancer tumor characteristics, treatment, time to treatment, and survival probability among African American and white women. npj Breast Cancer, 4(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41523-018-0059-5

The author confirms substance abuse, such as tobacco, is related to reduced chemotherapy intolerance among African American women compared to Whites. According to research carried o identify the effect of tobacco on breast cancer, the research reveals that tobacco can lead to other cancer variants. Analysis of the incidence of tobacco use among African Americans found out that most African American women aged above 60 years are tobacco users. In his explanation, the author states that tobacco use can lead to other types of cancer. The interaction of breast cancer cells and other cancer variants translates to mutations that inhibit chemotherapy radiation from killing the cancer cells.

Screening behaviors are also predisposing factors to increase chemotherapy intolerance among African American women with breast cancer. The screening behavior principles require that the affected individuals attend medical facilities for medical checkups. Tallying research was carried out to identify the fluency of African American women visiting medical facilities to seek medical services. The results affirm that the African American women had reduced visits to the medical facilities. The occasional failed visits for medical screening and chemotherapy sessions among the African American women leads to constant multiplication of the breast cancer cells that in the long prove impossible to eliminate through the implementation of the chemotherapy technique.

Jiang, Y., Sereika, S., Bender, C., Brufsky, A., & Rosenzweig, M. (2016). Beliefs in Chemotherapy and Knowledge of Cancer and Treatment Among African American Women With Newly Diagnosed Breast Cancer. Oncology Nursing Forum, 43(2), 180–189. https://doi.org/10.1188/16.onf.180-189

The author states that chemotherapy among African American women has increased chemotherapy intolerance for the African American women previously diagnosed with breast cancer. Further, the author argues that African American women diagnosed with breast cancer consider chemotherapy a recommendation but do not know why the therapy is recommended. The insufficient knowledge about chemotherapy among African American Women is confirmed by research that confirms the lack of proper internalization of the ideas and management strategies and side effects provided by the physicians to help them manage their situations.

Results reveal that the African American women showed little concern for the future intercession of the chemotherapy sessions. However, the issue turns out differently when the cancer is now severe that the affected have to forcefully attend a health facility for chemotherapy. Due to the occasional skip and incorrect dose administered, the African American women become intolerant to the chemotherapy sessions.

Sreenivas, S. (2020). Racial Disparities in Breast Cancer. WebMD. https://www.webmd.com/breast-cancer/features/racial-disparity-breast-cancer

The author argues that another reason for the reduced chemotherapy tolerance within the African American women ethnic group diagnosed with breast cancer is they are likely to be affected by a very severe breast cancer strain that translates to 20% of all the other types of cancer. African American women are mostly affected with TNBC cancer variety which is severe. The triple-negative breast cancer mutates and invades neighboring cells. The ability to affect the neighboring cells makes triple-negative breast cancer difficult to eliminate through chemotherapy techniques. The reason, therefore, explains the chemotherapy intolerance among African American women diagnosed with breast cancer.

Núñez Abad, M., Calabuig-Fariñas, S., Lobo de Mena, M., José Godes Sanz de Bremond, M., García González, C., Torres Martínez, S., García-García, J. Á., Iranzo González-Cruz, V., & Camps Herrero, C. (2021). Update on systemic treatment in early triple negative breast cancer. Therapeutic Advances in Medical Oncology, 13, 175883592098674. https://doi.org/10.1177/1758835920986749 

The author states that another reason for the increase in chemotherapy intolerance among African American women is due to polypharmacy and drug reactions that translate to poor outcomes for the African American women with breast cancer compared to other ethnic groups such as Asian Americans and even the Chinese. According to research carried out to identify the medical response between the African American women and the White women, the African American women show poo responses to the medication compared to the white American women. The aftermath of the poor medical interaction has often led to limited survival o African American women ages 65 years and above.

In clarifying how the concept relates to chemotherapy intolerance, the author states that chemotherapy is only prescribed to supplement other medication prescribed b the physicians after a breast cancer diagnosis. The research went forward and identified the medical outcomes resulting from polypharmacy between African American women and White American women. The results showed that African American women experienced higher polypharmacy rates than their White American counterparts. The increase in drug interaction among African American women aged 65 years and above makes it harder for the chemotherapy techniques to easily reduce the severity of breast cancer, thus leading to reduced chemotherapy responses among African American women.

The authors support the confirmation by adding that an associate Professor Bryan Schneider carried out research to compare the adverse effects of medication between African American women and their white counterparts. Results revealed that African American women experienced more serious adverse effects than their American counterparts. The research further identified the genetic markers beyond the genes that identified ancestry and confirmed that African American women aged 65 years and above have genes that increase their adverse medication effects. The genes that determine the adverse effects o medication become a basis for the reduced chemotherapy responses. 

Bibliographies

Ali, G. B., Ali, S. A., Suhail, N., & Ali, S. A. (2018). Sociocultural Factors Affecting the Treatment of Breast Cancer Among Pakistani Women and Potential Strategies to Prevent Breast Cancer: A Narrative Review. Open Access Journal of Reproductive System and Sexual Disorders, 2(1), 1–6. https://lupinepublishers.com/reproductive-medicine-journal/fulltext/socio-cultural-factors-affecting-the-treatment-of-breast-cancer.ID.000126.php

Foy, K. C., Fisher, J. L., Lustberg, M. B., Gray, D. M., DeGraffinreid, C. R., & Paskett, E. D. (2018). Disparities in breast cancer tumor characteristics, treatment, time to treatment, and survival probability among African American and white women. npj Breast Cancer, 4(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41523-018-0059-5

Freedman, R. A., Virgo, K. S., He, Y., Pavluck, A. L., Winer, E. P., Ward, E. M., & Keating, N. L. (2010). The association of race/ethnicity, insurance status, and socioeconomic factors with breast cancer care. Cancer, 117(1), 180–189. https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.25542

Hair, B. Y., Hayes, S., Tse, C.-K., Bell, M. B., & Olshan, A. F. (2017). Racial differences in physical activity among breast cancer survivors: Implications for breast cancer care. Cancer, 120(14), 2174–2182. https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.28630

Jiang, Y., Sereika, S., Bender, C., Brufsky, A., & Rosenzweig, M. (2016). Beliefs in Chemotherapy and Knowledge of Cancer and Treatment Among African American Women With Newly Diagnosed Breast Cancer. Oncology Nursing Forum, 43(2), 180–189. https://doi.org/10.1188/16.onf.180-189

Nayana. (2020). Breast Cancer, Race, and Ethnicity. WebMD. https://www.webmd.com/breast-cancer/guide/race-ethnicity

Núñez Abad, M., Calabuig-Fariñas, S., Lobo de Mena, M., José Godes Sanz de Bremond, M., García González, C., Torres Martínez, S., García-García, J. Á., Iranzo González-Cruz, V., & Camps Herrero, C. (2021). Update on systemic treatment in early triple negative breast cancer. Therapeutic Advances in Medical Oncology, 13, 175883592098674. https://doi.org/10.1177/1758835920986749

Release, M. A. N. (2018). The study may explain why some triple-negative breast cancers are resistant to chemotherapy. MD Anderson Cancer Center. https://www.mdanderson.org/newsroom/study-may-explain-why-some-triple-negative-breast-cancers-are-resistant-to-chemotherapy.h00-159223356.html#:~:text=Triple%2Dnegative%20breast%20cancer%20(TNBC

Richardson, L. C., Henley, S. J., Miller, J. W., Massetti, G., & Thomas, C. C. (2017). Patterns and Trends in Age-Specific Black-White Differences in Breast Cancer Incidence and Mortality - the United States, 1999-2014. MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 65(40), 1093–1098. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6540a1

Schneider. (2020). Researchers aim to personalize chemotherapy for black patients with breast cancer. Www.healio.com. https://www.healio.com/news/hematology-oncology/20200126/researchers-aim-to-personalize-chemotherapy-for-black-patients-with-breast-cancer

Siddharth, S., & Sharma, D. (2018). Racial Disparity and Triple-Negative Breast Cancer in African-American Women: A Multifaceted Affair between Obesity, Biology, and Socioeconomic Determinants. Cancers, 10(12), 514. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers10120514

Sreenivas, S. (2020). Racial Disparities in Breast Cancer. WebMD. https://www.webmd.com/breast-cancer/features/racial-disparity-breast-cancer

Stringer-Reasor, E. M., Elkhanany, A., Khoury, K., Simon, M. A., & Newman, L. A. (2021). Disparities in Breast Cancer Associated With African American Identity. American Society of Clinical Oncology Educational Book, 41, e29–e46. https://doi.org/10.1200/edbk_319929

Yedjou, C. G., Sims, J. N., Miele, L., Noubissi, F., Lowe, L., Fonseca, D. D., Alo, R. A., Payton, M., & Tchounwou, P. B. (2019). Health and Racial Disparity in Breast Cancer. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 1152, 31–49. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-20301-6_3

Yee, M. K., Sereika, S. M., Bender, C. M., Brufsky, A. M., Connolly, M. C., & Rosenzweig, M. Q. (2017). Symptom incidence, distress, cancer-related distress, and adherence to chemotherapy among African American women with breast cancer. Cancer, 123(11), 2061–2069. https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.30575

Zavala, V. A., Bracci, P. M., Carethers, J. M., Carvajal-Carmona, L., Coggins, N. B., Cruz-Correa, M. R., Davis, M., de Smith, A. J., Dutil, J., Figueiredo, J. C., Fox, R., Graves, K. D., Gomez, S. L., Llera, A., Neuhausen, S. L., Newman, L., Nguyen, T., Palmer, J. R., Palmer, N. R., & Pérez-Stable, E. J. (2020). Cancer health disparities in racial/ethnic minorities in the United States. British Journal of Cancer, 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41416-020-01038-6