Epidemiology and Communicable Diseases
Question
Topic 2: Epidemiology And Communicable Diseases
Max Points:173
- Apply the principles of epidemiology to community
health nursing.
- Explain the value of demographic data in community
health.
- Apply the epidemiology triangle to a communicable
disease occurring at a global level.
- Evaluate the communicable disease chain model.
- Discuss the impact of global health issues on public
health systems.
- Explain how social determinants of health contribute
to the development of disease.
Epidemiology Paper
SUBMIT
ASSIGNMENT
Start Date
/
Points
125
Rubric
View Rubric
Status
Upcoming
Assessment Traits
Requires Lopeswrite
Assessment Description
Write a
paper (2,000-2,500 words) in which you apply the concepts of epidemiology and
nursing research to a communicable disease. Refer to "Communicable Disease
Chain," "Chain of Infection," and the CDC website for assistance
when completing this assignment.
Communicable Disease Selection
- Chickenpox
- Tuberculosis
- Influenza
- Mononucleosis
- Hepatitis
B
- HIV
- Ebola
- Measles
- Polio
- Influenza
Epidemiology Paper Requirements
- Describe
the chosen communicable disease, including causes, symptoms, mode of
transmission, complications, treatment, and the demographic of interest
(mortality, morbidity, incidence, and prevalence). Is this a reportable
disease? If so, provide details about reporting time, whom to report to,
etc.
- Describe
the social determinants of health and explain how those factors contribute
to the development of this disease.
- Discuss
the epidemiologic triangle as it relates to the communicable disease you
have selected. Include the host factors, agent factors (presence or
absence), and environmental factors. Are there any special considerations
or notifications for the community, schools, or general population?
- Explain
the role of the community health nurse (case finding, reporting, data
collection, data analysis, and follow-up) and why demographic data are
necessary to the health of the community.
- Identify
at least one national agency or organization that addresses the
communicable disease chosen and describe how the organizations contribute
to resolving or reducing the impact of disease.
- Discuss
a global implication of the disease. How is this addressed in other
countries or cultures? Is this disease endemic to a particular area?
Provide an example.
A minimum
of three peer-reviewed or professional references is required.
Prepare
this assignment according to the guidelines found in the APA Style Guide,
located in the Student Success Center.
This
assignment uses a rubric. Please review the rubric prior to beginning the
assignment to become familiar with the expectations for successful
completion.
RUBRIC
Epidemiology Paper - Rubric
Collapse All Epidemiology
Paper - RubricCollapse
All
Comprehensive Description of a Communicable Disease and the
Demographic of Interest
12.5 points
Criteria Description
Comprehensive Description of a Communicable Disease and the Demographic
of Interest
5. Excellent
12.5 points
Overview describing the demographic of interest and clinical description
of the communicable disease is presented with a thorough, accurate, and clear
overview of all of the clinical descriptors.
4. Good
11.5 points
Clinical description of the communicable disease and demographic of
interest is provided. Summary is brief but accurate.
3. Satisfactory
11 points
Overview of the demographic of interest and clinical description of the
communicable disease is presented with some inaccuracies of the clinical
descriptors.
2. Less Than Satisfactory
10 points
Limited and/or vague summary of demographic of interest and communicable
disease is provided. Overview does not offer a clear representation of
information necessary for epidemiological study.
1. Unsatisfactory
0 points
Demographic of interest and clinical description are omitted or presented
with many inaccuracies.
Determinants of Health and Explanation of How Determinants
Contribute to Disease Development
12.5 points
Criteria Description
Determinants of Health and Explanation of How Determinants Contribute to
Disease Development
5. Excellent
12.5 points
Paper comprehensively discusses the determinants of health in relation to
the communicable disease, explains their contribution to disease development,
and provides evidence to support main points.
4. Good
11.5 points
Paper describes each determinant of health with a comprehensive
discussion of their contribution to disease development and progression.
3. Satisfactory
11 points
Paper identifies the determinants of health in relation to the
communicable disease selected but does not include an explanation of their role
in the development of disease.
2. Less Than Satisfactory
10 points
Paper partially describes the determinants of health in relation to
disease development.
1. Unsatisfactory
0 points
Description of the determinants of health and their role in disease
development is omitted or presented with many inaccuracies.
Epidemiologic Triangle (Host Factors, Agent Factors, and
Environmental Factors
25 points
Criteria Description
Epidemiologic Triangle (Host Factors, Agent Factors, and Environmental
Factors
5. Excellent
25 points
The communicable disease is described thoroughly, accurately, and clearly
within an epidemiological triangle. A visual description of the triangle and
how the components of the model interact is included.
4. Good
23 points
The communicable disease is described accurately within the context of
the epidemiologic triangle. A brief description of factors and interaction is
presented.
3. Satisfactory
22 points
The communicable disease is described accurately and clearly within the
context of the epidemiologic triangle.
2. Less Than Satisfactory
20 points
The communicable disease is described with some inaccuracies within the
epidemiologic triangle. A visual description of the factors and interaction is
not present.
1. Unsatisfactory
0 points
Description of the epidemiologic triangle is omitted or presented with
many inaccuracies.
Role of the Community Health Nurse and Importance of Demographic
Data
25 points
Criteria Description
Role of the Community Health Nurse and Importance of Demographic Data
5. Excellent
25 points
Discussion of the role of the community health nurse is clear,
comprehensive, and inclusive of the community nurse's responsibilities to
primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention through tasks such as case finding,
reporting, data collection and analysis, and follow-up. A clear explanation of
the importance of demographic data to community health is presented.
4. Good
23 points
Discussion of the role of community health nurse is clear, with a
comprehensive description of skills associated with community assessment and
planning. An explanation of why demographic data are necessary to community
health is presented.
3. Satisfactory
22 points
Discussion of the role of the community health nurses is limited, with a
brief overview of skills associated with community assessment and planning. An
explanation of why demographic data are necessary to community health is
summarized.
2. Less Than Satisfactory
20 points
Discussion of the role of the community health nurse is vague, with no
integration of case finding, reporting, data collecting, data analysis, or
follow-up skills. An incomplete explanation of why demographic data are
necessary to community health is provided.
1. Unsatisfactory
0 points
Discussion of the role of the community health nurse is omitted or
unclear. An explanation of why demographic data are necessary to community
health is omitted or unclear.
National Agency or Organization That Works to Addresses
Communicable Disease
12.5 points
Criteria Description
National Agency or Organization That Works to Addresses Communicable
Disease
5. Excellent
12.5 points
An agency or organization is identified. A clear and accurate description
of efforts to address communicable disease is offered.
4. Good
11.5 points
An agency or organization is identified, but discussion regarding efforts
to address communicable disease is brief.
3. Satisfactory
11 points
An agency or organization is identified, but discussion regarding efforts
to address communicable disease is lacking.
2. Less Than Satisfactory
10 points
An agency or organization is identified, but discussion is vague or
inaccurate in relation to the communicable disease chosen.
1. Unsatisfactory
0 points
Agency and description of contribution are omitted.
Global Implication
12.5 points
Criteria Description
Global Implication
5. Excellent
12.5 points
A discussion of the global implication of the disease is clear, comprehensive,
and inclusive with a comprehensive description of how this is addressed in
other countries or cultures and if the disease is endemic to a particular area.
An example is provided.
4. Good
11.5 points
A discussion of the global implication of the disease is clear, with a
comprehensive description of how this is addressed in other countries or
cultures and if the disease is endemic to a particular area. An example is
provided.
3. Satisfactory
11 points
A discussion of the global implication of the disease is limited, with
some integration of how this is addressed in other countries or cultures and if
the disease is endemic to a particular area. An example is provided.
2. Less Than Satisfactory
10 points
A discussion of the global implication of the disease is vague, with no
integration of how this is addressed in other countries or cultures and if the
disease is endemic to a particular area. An example is not provided.
1. Unsatisfactory
0 points
Global implication of the disease is omitted or unclear.
Thesis, Position, or Purpose
6.25 points
Criteria Description
Communicates reason for writing and demonstrates awareness of audience.
5. Excellent
6.25 points
The thesis, position, or purpose is clearly communicated throughout and
clearly directed to a specific audience.
4. Good
5.75 points
The thesis, position, or purpose is adequately presented. An awareness of
the appropriate audience is demonstrated.
3. Satisfactory
5.5 points
The thesis, position, or purpose is discernable in most aspects but is
occasionally weak or unclear. There is limited awareness of the appropriate
audience.
2. Less Than Satisfactory
5 points
The thesis, position, or purpose is unfocused or confused. There is very
little awareness of the intended audience.
1. Unsatisfactory
0 points
The thesis, position, or purpose is not discernible. No awareness of the
appropriate audience is evident.
Development, Structure, and Conclusion
6.25 points
Criteria Description
Advances position or purpose throughout writing; conclusion aligns to and
evolves from development.
5. Excellent
6.25 points
The thesis, position, or purpose is logically advanced throughout. The
progression of ideas is coherent and unified. A clear and logical conclusion
aligns to the development of the purpose.
4. Good
5.75 points
The thesis, position, or purpose is advanced in most aspects. Ideas
clearly build on each other. Conclusion aligns to the development of the
purpose.
3. Satisfactory
5.5 points
Limited advancement of thesis, position, or purpose is discernable. There
are inconsistencies in organization or the relationship of ideas. Conclusion is
simplistic and not fully aligned to the development of the purpose.
2. Less Than Satisfactory
5 points
Writing lacks logical progression of the thesis, position, or purpose.
Some organization is attempted, but ideas are disconnected. Conclusion is
unclear and not supported by the overall development of the purpose.
1. Unsatisfactory
0 points
No advancement of the thesis, position, or purpose is evident.
Connections between paragraphs are missing or inappropriate. No conclusion is
offered.
Evidence
6.25 points
Criteria Description
Selects and integrates evidence to support and advance position/purpose;
considers other perspectives.
5. Excellent
6.25 points
Specific and appropriate evidence is included. Relevant perspectives of
others are clearly considered.
4. Good
5.75 points
Relevant evidence that includes other perspectives is used.
3. Satisfactory
5.5 points
Evidence is used but is insufficient or of limited relevance. Simplistic
explanation or integration of other perspectives is present.
2. Less Than Satisfactory
5 points
Evidence is limited or irrelevant. The interpretation of other
perspectives is superficial or incorrect.
1. Unsatisfactory
0 points
Evidence to support the thesis, position, or purpose is absent. The
writing relies entirely on the perspective of the writer.
Mechanics of Writing
2.5 points
Criteria Description
Includes spelling, capitalization, punctuation, grammar, language use,
sentence structure, etc.
5. Excellent
2.5 points
No mechanical errors are present. Appropriate language choice and
sentence structure are used throughout.
4. Good
2.3 points
Few mechanical errors are present. Suitable language choice and sentence
structure are used.
3. Satisfactory
2.2 points
Occasional mechanical errors are present. Language choice is generally
appropriate. Varied sentence structure is attempted.
2. Less Than Satisfactory
2 points
Frequent and repetitive mechanical errors are present. Inconsistencies in
language choice or sentence structure are recurrent.
1. Unsatisfactory
0 points
Errors in grammar or syntax are pervasive and impede meaning. Incorrect
language choice or sentence structure errors are found throughout.
Format/Documentation
3.75 points
Criteria Description
Uses appropriate style, such as APA, MLA, etc., for college, subject, and
level; documents sources using citations, footnotes, references, bibliography,
etc., appropriate to assignment and discipline.
5. Excellent
3.75 points
No errors in formatting or documentation are present.
4. Good
3.45 points
Appropriate format and documentation are used with only minor errors.
3. Satisfactory
3.3 points
Appropriate format and documentation are used, although there are some
obvious errors.
2. Less Than Satisfactory
3 points
Appropriate format is attempted, but some elements are missing. Frequent
errors in documentation of sources are evident.
1. Unsatisfactory
0 points
Appropriate format is not used. No documentation of sources is provided.
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Solution
Epidemiology
and Communicable Diseases
Bacteria
or viruses usually cause communicable diseases through the air, insect bites, blood
products, bodily fluids, or contaminated surfaces. Many communicable diseases
must be reported to appropriate government agencies or health departments when
there is an outbreak. Reporting communicable diseases outbreak helps the
involved agencies and health departments to implement various strategies for
addressing the diseases. This is because there are other risk factors related
to infectious diseases, and they can only be prevented when a disease is
controlled immediately after the announcement of an outbreak. Examples of
communicable diseases include tuberculosis, chickenpox, influenza, hepatitis,
mononucleosis, HIV, polio, measles, and Ebola. This paper aims to discuss
various concepts related to tuberculosis as an infectious disease. It describes
the causes, symptoms, mode of transmission, complications, demographic
interests, reporting, and social determinants of tuberculosis. It also
discusses the epidemiologic triangle and the role of community health nurses in
addressing tuberculosis. The paper also discusses WHO's role in tuberculosis
control. The last section discusses the global implication of tuberculosis and
how various countries address the disease.
Tuberculosis
Tuberculosis
is a contagious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria
transferred from one person to another via the air. The bacteria commonly
affects the lungs, but it can also affect other body parts, such as the spine,
kidneys, and brain. The symptoms of tuberculosis include night sweats, fever,
weight loss, weakness, chest pain, and coughing. Other symptoms usually depend on
the part of the body affected by the disease. For example, the patient may
experience severe headaches if tuberculosis has affected the brain.
Tuberculosis is transmitted when a person with the disease speaks, sneezes, or
coughs (NHS, 2019). That patient releases tuberculosis bacteria in the air,
which enter another person’s body when breathing in. individuals who get
infected after breathing in tuberculosis bacteria get latent tuberculosis
infection.
There
are various complications related to tuberculosis disease. They include heart
disorders, kidney and liver problems, brain damage, joint damage, and spinal
pain. Therefore, the disease requires immediate treatment after it has been
diagnosed. Tuberculosis is normally treated by taking antibiotics for several
months, depending on the type of tuberculosis. Patients with extrapulmonary
tuberculosis are treated using a combination of antibiotics and corticosteroids
(NHS, 2019). An example of a corticosteroid is prednisolone which reduces
swelling, especially in patients whose membrane part of the brain has been
affected.
Tuberculosis
is still a major concern in many countries. Tuberculosis deaths were at 1.2
million in 2019 and 1.3 million in 2020 worldwide, according to WHO (WHO,
2021). In 2018, the Center for Disease Control (CDC) reported that approximately
ten million people were diagnosed with tuberculosis globally. Among the total
number of tuberculosis patient cases reported that year, 862000 were HIV
positive. However, the incidence and prevalence of tuberculosis have declined
in many countries, especially the developed counties such as the United Kingdom
and the United States (MacNeil, 2020). For instance, the Word Health
Organization reported that tuberculosis incidence reduced by 95% in 2020
compared to cases reported in 2015 globally (MacNeil, 2020). Controlling tuberculosis
has been effective because it is a reportable disease. A tuberculosis case must
be reported within 24 hours to the Health Department or Local Health Authority.
Social Determinants of Tuberculosis
The
first social determinant of tuberculosis is shelter. Individuals who live in
marginalized societies have temporary accommodation, and others are homeless.
These include families and individuals in the treatment of drug issues and
those released from prisons. In low-income and high-income countries, homeless
individuals are at a high risk of getting tuberculosis. They are exposed to
tuberculosis bacteria in hostels or places where homeless individuals gather to
socialize or sleep. Generally, homeless people do not seek healthcare services
when they experience tuberculosis-related symptoms (Duarte et al., 2018). They
assume that their health condition is a result of their lifestyle.
Poverty
is the second determinant factor of tuberculosis. This is because poor
individuals are more likely to work and live in overcrowded and poorly
ventilated places, ideal conditions for spreading tuberculosis bacteria. Also,
poor people usually develop malnutrition-related diseases, and it becomes
challenging to resist tuberculosis infection. In addition, most poor people do
not access healthcare services to diagnose and treat tuberculosis because of
the associated costs of treating the disease, like changing nutrition and traveling
to healthcare facilities (Duarte et al., 2018). Therefore, one untreated person
can easily transmit tuberculosis bacteria to other individuals.
Another
social determinant of tuberculosis includes barriers to access to healthcare
facilities. Many patients do not seek tuberculosis treatments from qualified
healthcare providers. Some barriers that prevent individuals from accessing
healthcare services include stigma, poverty, lack of awareness, and poor health
systems. Others usually visit healthcare facilities when the disease has
already advanced to more complicated stages to offer treatment (Duarte et al.,
2018). Failure to seek healthcare services from qualified physicians affects a patient’s
health and other people’s health because the disease is easily transmitted from
one person to another.
Epidemiologic Triangle of
Tuberculosis
The
epidemiological model of tuberculosis can be used to understand tuberculosis
risk factors. Man is the tuberculosis host because of some factors. An example
of those factors is health risks behaviors such as smoking. Tobacco smoking
usually increases the risks of transmitting tuberculosis. Alcohol intake puts
individuals at risk of getting infected with tuberculosis. Excessive consumption
of alcohol can lead to immunity failure hence making a person more vulnerable
to tuberculosis. However, there is a limited association between alcohol intake
and tuberculosis. Patients with diabetes also contract tuberculosis easily,
especially in low-income countries (Khan, 2018). This is because diabetes
affects the patients’ immune system, making it easy to contract other
infections such as tuberculosis.
The
agent that causes tuberculosis is Mycobacterium tuberculosis, non-motile,
aerobic, Gram-positive, and acids-fast. Regarding the environment, some factors
are associated with the transmission of tuberculosis. The first factor is socioeconomic
status, where the gap between poor and rich contributes to unequal access to
healthcare facilities for tuberculosis treatment. Closed living settings also
contribute to the spread of tuberculosis. The disease effectively spreads in poorly
ventilated places, such as prisons. In addition, the humanitarian and emergency
crisis is an environmental factor that contributes to the spread of
tuberculosis (Khan, 2018). For example, some natural disasters like flooding
prevent individuals from accessing healthcare facilities for treatment
services.
There
are some special considerations for the schools in addressing tuberculosis as a
contagious disease. Recently, education and health departments have implemented
various strategies for tuberculosis control in schools. Some schools have
implemented one strategy to carry out tuberculosis screening when enrolling new
students in schools. Second, some schools, especially in developed countries
such as the United Kingdom and the United States, have established effective
communication channels among local CDCs, health facilities, and schools. This ensures
an effective exchange of information hence making it easier to report and
register tuberculosis cases. Finally, schools have also introduced tuberculosis
health education to control disease transmission (Chen et al., 2021). This creates
tuberculosis awareness among parents and students, making it easy to identify
and prevent tuberculosis.
The Role of a Community Health Nurse
The
first role of a community health nurse is case finding. A nurse should first
identify tuberculosis cases before the disease is diagnosed and treated. A
nurse can easily find tuberculosis cases in healthcare facilities where
individuals with tuberculosis seek health care facilities. (CDC, 2022).
Household case finding is another case-finding approach implemented by
community health nurses. They find out whether a person who has been diagnosed
with tuberculosis lives with individuals who are more vulnerable to the disease,
especially young children and HIV patients. Nurses also play the role of
reporting confirmed or reported tuberculosis cases to health departments and
government agencies. Each report contains the patient’s name, age, sex, address,
and diagnosed disease.
Another
role of a community health nurse is collecting and analyzing tuberculosis data.
Data is collected in healthcare facilities and analyzed to determine how the
disease has affected individuals. Therefore, it becomes easy to implement
efficient and effective strategies for controlling the disease. To obtain
positive results, healthcare facilities should complete and accurate data
because that data is used for analysis. The last role of a community health
nurse is following up with the patient after treatment (CDC, 2022). For
example, patients with drug-resistant tuberculosis may need to be followed up
because they might have developed parenchymal lung damage.
It
is also worth pointing out that nurses cannot provide effective healthcare
services without demographic data. Demographic data is essential because it
helps nurses determine the most effective treatment for tuberculosis patients
by considering age, ethnicity, and medical history. Also, ethnicity and race
data help healthcare providers to improve care quality for all individuals
(Harries et al., 2020). It is easy to identify populations that do not achieve
adequate intervention to prevent and control tuberculosis.
World Health Organization
The
World Health Organization is recognized for its efforts to tackle numerous
tuberculosis-related difficulties in order to minimize the damage caused by the
illness. The organization had a goal of minimizing tuberculosis before the end
of 2035 (Harding, 2020). One of the strategies that have been implemented is to
prevent and control tuberculosis infection in setting where tuberculosis can be
easily transmitted, such as healthcare facilities, prisons, and schools. The
organization also recommended that patients diagnosed with tuberculosis be
separated from other individuals to reduce disease transmission. This is
because tuberculosis can be transmitted from one person to another, especially
in overcrowded or poorly ventilated places. The World Health Organization has
also provided guidelines for respiratory hygiene for individuals who have been
diagnosed with tuberculosis. One of the guidelines is coughing etiquette to
prevent transmission of the disease to individuals attending to the patient.
Global Implication of Tuberculosis
In
2018, the Centre for Disease Control reported that about 1.5 billion
individuals were diagnosed with tuberculosis. In addition, it is the leading
transmitted disease killer where approximately 1.5 million people die every
year. Also, tuberculosis can resist treatment drugs, especially when drugs are
mismanaged or misused (CDC, 2019). This is because tuberculosis drugs are taken
for a minimum of six months, and some patients do not complete the prescribed
dosage. Various countries have implemented various strategies for addressing
the disease. For example, Nigeria is the leading country that reports many
tuberculosis cases every year (Ogbuabor & Onwujekwe, 2019). Some of the
methods employed to combat the consequences of disease are restricting and
preventing disease transmission. Also, the United States and other countries
like England and Wales in the United Kingdom have strengthened the lab network
to ensure that tuberculosis is identified at early stages for effective
control. It is also worth mentioning that tuberculosis is endemic to some
patients, especially those with HIV. HIV affects their immune system, and they
become vulnerable to tuberculosis. The disease is also endemic in certain areas,
such as prisons, where individuals are congested, and it creates an ideal
condition for the transmission of the disease.
Conclusion
Tuberculosis
is an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria spread
from one individual to another through the air. The symptoms of tuberculosis
include night sweats, fever, weight loss, weakness, chest pain, and coughing.
Other symptoms usually depend on the part of the body affected by the disease.
The social determinants of the disease are shelter, poverty, and barriers to
accessing health care. Man is the tuberculosis host, and Mycobacterium
tuberculosis is the agent that causes tuberculosis. The environmental factors
related to the disease include social-economic factors, closed living settings,
and humanitarian and emergency crises. Schools’ special considerations in
addressing tuberculosis include tuberculosis screening, establishing effective
communication channels, and tuberculosis health education. Nurses also play a
significant role in finding, collecting, and analyzing data. They use
demographic data to accomplish all those activities. The World Health Organization
has a major role in addressing several tuberculosis-related problems in order
to reduce the disease's influence. The global implication of tuberculosis is
that it is the leading infectious killer disease and mostly affects individuals
who are HIV positive.
References
CDC. (2022). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention; U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. https://www.cdc.gov/
CDC. (2019). Global Health - Newsroom - Tuberculosis. CDC.
https://www.cdc.gov/globalhealth/newsroom/topics/tb/index.html
Chen, H., Xia, Y., Zhang, C., Zhang, H., Cheng,
J., & Zhao, Y. (2021). Tuberculosis in Schools and Requirements for
Prevention and Control in China. China CDC Weekly, 3(3),
58–60. https://doi.org/10.46234/ccdcw2021.005
Duarte, R., Lönnroth, K., Carvalho,
C., Lima, F., Carvalho, A. C. C., Muñoz-Torrico, M., & Centis, R. (2018).
Tuberculosis, social determinants and co-morbidities (including HIV). Pulmonology, 24(2),
115-119.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2173511517301641
Harries, A. D., Kumar, A.,
Satyanarayana, S., Thekkur, P., Lin, Y., Dlodlo, R. A., & Zachariah, R.
(2020). The growing importance of tuberculosis preventive therapy and how
research and innovation can enhance its implementation on the ground. Tropical
Medicine and Infectious Disease, 5(2), 61.
Harding, E. (2020). WHO global
progress report on tuberculosis elimination. The Lancet Respiratory
Medicine, 8(1), 19. https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanres/article/PIIS2213-2600(19)30418-7/fulltext
Khan, A. H. (2018). Tuberculosis
control in Sindh, Pakistan: critical analysis of its implementation. Journal
of infection and public health, 10(1), 1-7. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1876034116300041
MacNeil, A. (2020). Global Epidemiology of Tuberculosis and
Progress toward Meeting Global Targets — Worldwide, 2018. MMWR.
Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 69.
ttps://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6911a2
NHS. (2019). Overview
- Tuberculosis (TB). NHS;
NHS. https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/tuberculosis-tb/
Ogbuabor, D. C., & Onwujekwe, O.
E. (2019). Governance of tuberculosis control programme in Nigeria. Infectious
diseases of poverty, 8(1), 1-11. https://idpjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40249-019-0556-2
World
Health Organization (2021). 2.2
TB mortality.
https://www.who.int/teams/global-tuberculosis-programme/tb-reports/global-tuberculosis-report-2021/disease-burden/mortality
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