Epidemiology and Communicable Diseases

Posted on: 16th May 2023

Question

Topic 2: Epidemiology And Communicable Diseases

Max Points:173

  1. Apply the principles of epidemiology to community health nursing.
  2. Explain the value of demographic data in community health.
  3. Apply the epidemiology triangle to a communicable disease occurring at a global level.
  4. Evaluate the communicable disease chain model.
  5. Discuss the impact of global health issues on public health systems.
  6. Explain how social determinants of health contribute to the development of disease.

 

 

Epidemiology Paper

SUBMIT ASSIGNMENT

Start Date /

Points

125

Rubric

View Rubric

Status

Upcoming

Assessment Traits

Requires Lopeswrite

Assessment Description

Write a paper (2,000-2,500 words) in which you apply the concepts of epidemiology and nursing research to a communicable disease. Refer to "Communicable Disease Chain," "Chain of Infection," and the CDC website for assistance when completing this assignment.

Communicable Disease Selection

  1. Chickenpox
  2. Tuberculosis
  3. Influenza
  4. Mononucleosis
  5. Hepatitis B
  6. HIV
  7. Ebola
  8. Measles
  9. Polio
  10. Influenza

Epidemiology Paper Requirements

  1. Describe the chosen communicable disease, including causes, symptoms, mode of transmission, complications, treatment, and the demographic of interest (mortality, morbidity, incidence, and prevalence). Is this a reportable disease? If so, provide details about reporting time, whom to report to, etc.
  2. Describe the social determinants of health and explain how those factors contribute to the development of this disease.
  3. Discuss the epidemiologic triangle as it relates to the communicable disease you have selected. Include the host factors, agent factors (presence or absence), and environmental factors. Are there any special considerations or notifications for the community, schools, or general population?
  4. Explain the role of the community health nurse (case finding, reporting, data collection, data analysis, and follow-up) and why demographic data are necessary to the health of the community.
  5. Identify at least one national agency or organization that addresses the communicable disease chosen and describe how the organizations contribute to resolving or reducing the impact of disease.
  6. Discuss a global implication of the disease. How is this addressed in other countries or cultures? Is this disease endemic to a particular area? Provide an example.

A minimum of three peer-reviewed or professional references is required.

Prepare this assignment according to the guidelines found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center.

This assignment uses a rubric. Please review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the expectations for successful completion. 

 

 

 

RUBRIC

Epidemiology Paper - Rubric

Collapse All Epidemiology Paper - RubricCollapse All

Comprehensive Description of a Communicable Disease and the Demographic of Interest

12.5 points

Criteria Description

Comprehensive Description of a Communicable Disease and the Demographic of Interest

5. Excellent

12.5 points

Overview describing the demographic of interest and clinical description of the communicable disease is presented with a thorough, accurate, and clear overview of all of the clinical descriptors.

4. Good

11.5 points

Clinical description of the communicable disease and demographic of interest is provided. Summary is brief but accurate.

3. Satisfactory

11 points

Overview of the demographic of interest and clinical description of the communicable disease is presented with some inaccuracies of the clinical descriptors.

2. Less Than Satisfactory

10 points

Limited and/or vague summary of demographic of interest and communicable disease is provided. Overview does not offer a clear representation of information necessary for epidemiological study.

1. Unsatisfactory

0 points

Demographic of interest and clinical description are omitted or presented with many inaccuracies.

Determinants of Health and Explanation of How Determinants Contribute to Disease Development

12.5 points

Criteria Description

Determinants of Health and Explanation of How Determinants Contribute to Disease Development

5. Excellent

12.5 points

Paper comprehensively discusses the determinants of health in relation to the communicable disease, explains their contribution to disease development, and provides evidence to support main points.

4. Good

11.5 points

Paper describes each determinant of health with a comprehensive discussion of their contribution to disease development and progression.

3. Satisfactory

11 points

Paper identifies the determinants of health in relation to the communicable disease selected but does not include an explanation of their role in the development of disease.

2. Less Than Satisfactory

10 points

Paper partially describes the determinants of health in relation to disease development.

1. Unsatisfactory

0 points

Description of the determinants of health and their role in disease development is omitted or presented with many inaccuracies.

Epidemiologic Triangle (Host Factors, Agent Factors, and Environmental Factors

25 points

Criteria Description

Epidemiologic Triangle (Host Factors, Agent Factors, and Environmental Factors

5. Excellent

25 points

The communicable disease is described thoroughly, accurately, and clearly within an epidemiological triangle. A visual description of the triangle and how the components of the model interact is included.

4. Good

23 points

The communicable disease is described accurately within the context of the epidemiologic triangle. A brief description of factors and interaction is presented.

3. Satisfactory

22 points

The communicable disease is described accurately and clearly within the context of the epidemiologic triangle.

2. Less Than Satisfactory

20 points

The communicable disease is described with some inaccuracies within the epidemiologic triangle. A visual description of the factors and interaction is not present.

1. Unsatisfactory

0 points

Description of the epidemiologic triangle is omitted or presented with many inaccuracies.

Role of the Community Health Nurse and Importance of Demographic Data

25 points

Criteria Description

Role of the Community Health Nurse and Importance of Demographic Data

5. Excellent

25 points

Discussion of the role of the community health nurse is clear, comprehensive, and inclusive of the community nurse's responsibilities to primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention through tasks such as case finding, reporting, data collection and analysis, and follow-up. A clear explanation of the importance of demographic data to community health is presented.

4. Good

23 points

Discussion of the role of community health nurse is clear, with a comprehensive description of skills associated with community assessment and planning. An explanation of why demographic data are necessary to community health is presented.

3. Satisfactory

22 points

Discussion of the role of the community health nurses is limited, with a brief overview of skills associated with community assessment and planning. An explanation of why demographic data are necessary to community health is summarized.

2. Less Than Satisfactory

20 points

Discussion of the role of the community health nurse is vague, with no integration of case finding, reporting, data collecting, data analysis, or follow-up skills. An incomplete explanation of why demographic data are necessary to community health is provided.

1. Unsatisfactory

0 points

Discussion of the role of the community health nurse is omitted or unclear. An explanation of why demographic data are necessary to community health is omitted or unclear.

National Agency or Organization That Works to Addresses Communicable Disease

12.5 points

Criteria Description

National Agency or Organization That Works to Addresses Communicable Disease

5. Excellent

12.5 points

An agency or organization is identified. A clear and accurate description of efforts to address communicable disease is offered.

4. Good

11.5 points

An agency or organization is identified, but discussion regarding efforts to address communicable disease is brief.

3. Satisfactory

11 points

An agency or organization is identified, but discussion regarding efforts to address communicable disease is lacking.

2. Less Than Satisfactory

10 points

An agency or organization is identified, but discussion is vague or inaccurate in relation to the communicable disease chosen.

1. Unsatisfactory

0 points

Agency and description of contribution are omitted.

Global Implication

12.5 points

Criteria Description

Global Implication

5. Excellent

12.5 points

A discussion of the global implication of the disease is clear, comprehensive, and inclusive with a comprehensive description of how this is addressed in other countries or cultures and if the disease is endemic to a particular area. An example is provided.

4. Good

11.5 points

A discussion of the global implication of the disease is clear, with a comprehensive description of how this is addressed in other countries or cultures and if the disease is endemic to a particular area. An example is provided.

3. Satisfactory

11 points

A discussion of the global implication of the disease is limited, with some integration of how this is addressed in other countries or cultures and if the disease is endemic to a particular area. An example is provided.

2. Less Than Satisfactory

10 points

A discussion of the global implication of the disease is vague, with no integration of how this is addressed in other countries or cultures and if the disease is endemic to a particular area. An example is not provided.

1. Unsatisfactory

0 points

Global implication of the disease is omitted or unclear.

Thesis, Position, or Purpose

6.25 points

Criteria Description

Communicates reason for writing and demonstrates awareness of audience.

5. Excellent

6.25 points

The thesis, position, or purpose is clearly communicated throughout and clearly directed to a specific audience.

4. Good

5.75 points

The thesis, position, or purpose is adequately presented. An awareness of the appropriate audience is demonstrated.

3. Satisfactory

5.5 points

The thesis, position, or purpose is discernable in most aspects but is occasionally weak or unclear. There is limited awareness of the appropriate audience.

2. Less Than Satisfactory

5 points

The thesis, position, or purpose is unfocused or confused. There is very little awareness of the intended audience.

1. Unsatisfactory

0 points

The thesis, position, or purpose is not discernible. No awareness of the appropriate audience is evident.

Development, Structure, and Conclusion

6.25 points

Criteria Description

Advances position or purpose throughout writing; conclusion aligns to and evolves from development.

5. Excellent

6.25 points

The thesis, position, or purpose is logically advanced throughout. The progression of ideas is coherent and unified. A clear and logical conclusion aligns to the development of the purpose.

4. Good

5.75 points

The thesis, position, or purpose is advanced in most aspects. Ideas clearly build on each other. Conclusion aligns to the development of the purpose.

3. Satisfactory

5.5 points

Limited advancement of thesis, position, or purpose is discernable. There are inconsistencies in organization or the relationship of ideas. Conclusion is simplistic and not fully aligned to the development of the purpose.

2. Less Than Satisfactory

5 points

Writing lacks logical progression of the thesis, position, or purpose. Some organization is attempted, but ideas are disconnected. Conclusion is unclear and not supported by the overall development of the purpose.

1. Unsatisfactory

0 points

No advancement of the thesis, position, or purpose is evident. Connections between paragraphs are missing or inappropriate. No conclusion is offered.

Evidence

6.25 points

Criteria Description

Selects and integrates evidence to support and advance position/purpose; considers other perspectives.

5. Excellent

6.25 points

Specific and appropriate evidence is included. Relevant perspectives of others are clearly considered.

4. Good

5.75 points

Relevant evidence that includes other perspectives is used.

3. Satisfactory

5.5 points

Evidence is used but is insufficient or of limited relevance. Simplistic explanation or integration of other perspectives is present.

2. Less Than Satisfactory

5 points

Evidence is limited or irrelevant. The interpretation of other perspectives is superficial or incorrect.

1. Unsatisfactory

0 points

Evidence to support the thesis, position, or purpose is absent. The writing relies entirely on the perspective of the writer.

Mechanics of Writing

2.5 points

Criteria Description

Includes spelling, capitalization, punctuation, grammar, language use, sentence structure, etc.

5. Excellent

2.5 points

No mechanical errors are present. Appropriate language choice and sentence structure are used throughout.

4. Good

2.3 points

Few mechanical errors are present. Suitable language choice and sentence structure are used.

3. Satisfactory

2.2 points

Occasional mechanical errors are present. Language choice is generally appropriate. Varied sentence structure is attempted.

2. Less Than Satisfactory

2 points

Frequent and repetitive mechanical errors are present. Inconsistencies in language choice or sentence structure are recurrent.

1. Unsatisfactory

0 points

Errors in grammar or syntax are pervasive and impede meaning. Incorrect language choice or sentence structure errors are found throughout.

Format/Documentation

3.75 points

Criteria Description

Uses appropriate style, such as APA, MLA, etc., for college, subject, and level; documents sources using citations, footnotes, references, bibliography, etc., appropriate to assignment and discipline.

5. Excellent

3.75 points

No errors in formatting or documentation are present.

4. Good

3.45 points

Appropriate format and documentation are used with only minor errors.

3. Satisfactory

3.3 points

Appropriate format and documentation are used, although there are some obvious errors.

2. Less Than Satisfactory

3 points

Appropriate format is attempted, but some elements are missing. Frequent errors in documentation of sources are evident.

1. Unsatisfactory

0 points

Appropriate format is not used. No documentation of sources is provided.



image description Top level essay Service Our professional unemployed professors are waiting for your signal to offer you the best academic writing service you so deserve.
illustration of a woman populating a checklist.

Solution

Epidemiology and Communicable Diseases

Bacteria or viruses usually cause communicable diseases through the air, insect bites, blood products, bodily fluids, or contaminated surfaces. Many communicable diseases must be reported to appropriate government agencies or health departments when there is an outbreak. Reporting communicable diseases outbreak helps the involved agencies and health departments to implement various strategies for addressing the diseases. This is because there are other risk factors related to infectious diseases, and they can only be prevented when a disease is controlled immediately after the announcement of an outbreak. Examples of communicable diseases include tuberculosis, chickenpox, influenza, hepatitis, mononucleosis, HIV, polio, measles, and Ebola. This paper aims to discuss various concepts related to tuberculosis as an infectious disease. It describes the causes, symptoms, mode of transmission, complications, demographic interests, reporting, and social determinants of tuberculosis. It also discusses the epidemiologic triangle and the role of community health nurses in addressing tuberculosis. The paper also discusses WHO's role in tuberculosis control. The last section discusses the global implication of tuberculosis and how various countries address the disease.

Tuberculosis

Tuberculosis is a contagious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria transferred from one person to another via the air. The bacteria commonly affects the lungs, but it can also affect other body parts, such as the spine, kidneys, and brain. The symptoms of tuberculosis include night sweats, fever, weight loss, weakness, chest pain, and coughing. Other symptoms usually depend on the part of the body affected by the disease. For example, the patient may experience severe headaches if tuberculosis has affected the brain. Tuberculosis is transmitted when a person with the disease speaks, sneezes, or coughs (NHS, 2019). That patient releases tuberculosis bacteria in the air, which enter another person’s body when breathing in. individuals who get infected after breathing in tuberculosis bacteria get latent tuberculosis infection.

There are various complications related to tuberculosis disease. They include heart disorders, kidney and liver problems, brain damage, joint damage, and spinal pain. Therefore, the disease requires immediate treatment after it has been diagnosed. Tuberculosis is normally treated by taking antibiotics for several months, depending on the type of tuberculosis. Patients with extrapulmonary tuberculosis are treated using a combination of antibiotics and corticosteroids (NHS, 2019). An example of a corticosteroid is prednisolone which reduces swelling, especially in patients whose membrane part of the brain has been affected. 

Tuberculosis is still a major concern in many countries. Tuberculosis deaths were at 1.2 million in 2019 and 1.3 million in 2020 worldwide, according to WHO (WHO, 2021). In 2018, the Center for Disease Control (CDC) reported that approximately ten million people were diagnosed with tuberculosis globally. Among the total number of tuberculosis patient cases reported that year, 862000 were HIV positive. However, the incidence and prevalence of tuberculosis have declined in many countries, especially the developed counties such as the United Kingdom and the United States (MacNeil, 2020). For instance, the Word Health Organization reported that tuberculosis incidence reduced by 95% in 2020 compared to cases reported in 2015 globally (MacNeil, 2020). Controlling tuberculosis has been effective because it is a reportable disease. A tuberculosis case must be reported within 24 hours to the Health Department or Local Health Authority.

Social Determinants of Tuberculosis

The first social determinant of tuberculosis is shelter. Individuals who live in marginalized societies have temporary accommodation, and others are homeless. These include families and individuals in the treatment of drug issues and those released from prisons. In low-income and high-income countries, homeless individuals are at a high risk of getting tuberculosis. They are exposed to tuberculosis bacteria in hostels or places where homeless individuals gather to socialize or sleep. Generally, homeless people do not seek healthcare services when they experience tuberculosis-related symptoms (Duarte et al., 2018). They assume that their health condition is a result of their lifestyle.

Poverty is the second determinant factor of tuberculosis. This is because poor individuals are more likely to work and live in overcrowded and poorly ventilated places, ideal conditions for spreading tuberculosis bacteria. Also, poor people usually develop malnutrition-related diseases, and it becomes challenging to resist tuberculosis infection. In addition, most poor people do not access healthcare services to diagnose and treat tuberculosis because of the associated costs of treating the disease, like changing nutrition and traveling to healthcare facilities (Duarte et al., 2018). Therefore, one untreated person can easily transmit tuberculosis bacteria to other individuals.

Another social determinant of tuberculosis includes barriers to access to healthcare facilities. Many patients do not seek tuberculosis treatments from qualified healthcare providers. Some barriers that prevent individuals from accessing healthcare services include stigma, poverty, lack of awareness, and poor health systems. Others usually visit healthcare facilities when the disease has already advanced to more complicated stages to offer treatment (Duarte et al., 2018). Failure to seek healthcare services from qualified physicians affects a patient’s health and other people’s health because the disease is easily transmitted from one person to another.

Epidemiologic Triangle of Tuberculosis

The epidemiological model of tuberculosis can be used to understand tuberculosis risk factors. Man is the tuberculosis host because of some factors. An example of those factors is health risks behaviors such as smoking. Tobacco smoking usually increases the risks of transmitting tuberculosis. Alcohol intake puts individuals at risk of getting infected with tuberculosis. Excessive consumption of alcohol can lead to immunity failure hence making a person more vulnerable to tuberculosis. However, there is a limited association between alcohol intake and tuberculosis. Patients with diabetes also contract tuberculosis easily, especially in low-income countries (Khan, 2018). This is because diabetes affects the patients’ immune system, making it easy to contract other infections such as tuberculosis.

The agent that causes tuberculosis is Mycobacterium tuberculosis, non-motile, aerobic, Gram-positive, and acids-fast. Regarding the environment, some factors are associated with the transmission of tuberculosis. The first factor is socioeconomic status, where the gap between poor and rich contributes to unequal access to healthcare facilities for tuberculosis treatment. Closed living settings also contribute to the spread of tuberculosis. The disease effectively spreads in poorly ventilated places, such as prisons. In addition, the humanitarian and emergency crisis is an environmental factor that contributes to the spread of tuberculosis (Khan, 2018). For example, some natural disasters like flooding prevent individuals from accessing healthcare facilities for treatment services.

There are some special considerations for the schools in addressing tuberculosis as a contagious disease. Recently, education and health departments have implemented various strategies for tuberculosis control in schools. Some schools have implemented one strategy to carry out tuberculosis screening when enrolling new students in schools. Second, some schools, especially in developed countries such as the United Kingdom and the United States, have established effective communication channels among local CDCs, health facilities, and schools. This ensures an effective exchange of information hence making it easier to report and register tuberculosis cases. Finally, schools have also introduced tuberculosis health education to control disease transmission (Chen et al., 2021). This creates tuberculosis awareness among parents and students, making it easy to identify and prevent tuberculosis.

The Role of a Community Health Nurse

The first role of a community health nurse is case finding. A nurse should first identify tuberculosis cases before the disease is diagnosed and treated. A nurse can easily find tuberculosis cases in healthcare facilities where individuals with tuberculosis seek health care facilities. (CDC, 2022). Household case finding is another case-finding approach implemented by community health nurses. They find out whether a person who has been diagnosed with tuberculosis lives with individuals who are more vulnerable to the disease, especially young children and HIV patients. Nurses also play the role of reporting confirmed or reported tuberculosis cases to health departments and government agencies. Each report contains the patient’s name, age, sex, address, and diagnosed disease.

Another role of a community health nurse is collecting and analyzing tuberculosis data. Data is collected in healthcare facilities and analyzed to determine how the disease has affected individuals. Therefore, it becomes easy to implement efficient and effective strategies for controlling the disease. To obtain positive results, healthcare facilities should complete and accurate data because that data is used for analysis. The last role of a community health nurse is following up with the patient after treatment (CDC, 2022). For example, patients with drug-resistant tuberculosis may need to be followed up because they might have developed parenchymal lung damage.

It is also worth pointing out that nurses cannot provide effective healthcare services without demographic data. Demographic data is essential because it helps nurses determine the most effective treatment for tuberculosis patients by considering age, ethnicity, and medical history. Also, ethnicity and race data help healthcare providers to improve care quality for all individuals (Harries et al., 2020). It is easy to identify populations that do not achieve adequate intervention to prevent and control tuberculosis.

World Health Organization

The World Health Organization is recognized for its efforts to tackle numerous tuberculosis-related difficulties in order to minimize the damage caused by the illness. The organization had a goal of minimizing tuberculosis before the end of 2035 (Harding, 2020). One of the strategies that have been implemented is to prevent and control tuberculosis infection in setting where tuberculosis can be easily transmitted, such as healthcare facilities, prisons, and schools. The organization also recommended that patients diagnosed with tuberculosis be separated from other individuals to reduce disease transmission. This is because tuberculosis can be transmitted from one person to another, especially in overcrowded or poorly ventilated places. The World Health Organization has also provided guidelines for respiratory hygiene for individuals who have been diagnosed with tuberculosis. One of the guidelines is coughing etiquette to prevent transmission of the disease to individuals attending to the patient.

Global Implication of Tuberculosis  

In 2018, the Centre for Disease Control reported that about 1.5 billion individuals were diagnosed with tuberculosis. In addition, it is the leading transmitted disease killer where approximately 1.5 million people die every year. Also, tuberculosis can resist treatment drugs, especially when drugs are mismanaged or misused (CDC, 2019). This is because tuberculosis drugs are taken for a minimum of six months, and some patients do not complete the prescribed dosage. Various countries have implemented various strategies for addressing the disease. For example, Nigeria is the leading country that reports many tuberculosis cases every year (Ogbuabor & Onwujekwe, 2019). Some of the methods employed to combat the consequences of disease are restricting and preventing disease transmission. Also, the United States and other countries like England and Wales in the United Kingdom have strengthened the lab network to ensure that tuberculosis is identified at early stages for effective control. It is also worth mentioning that tuberculosis is endemic to some patients, especially those with HIV. HIV affects their immune system, and they become vulnerable to tuberculosis. The disease is also endemic in certain areas, such as prisons, where individuals are congested, and it creates an ideal condition for the transmission of the disease.

Conclusion

Tuberculosis is an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria spread from one individual to another through the air. The symptoms of tuberculosis include night sweats, fever, weight loss, weakness, chest pain, and coughing. Other symptoms usually depend on the part of the body affected by the disease. The social determinants of the disease are shelter, poverty, and barriers to accessing health care. Man is the tuberculosis host, and Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the agent that causes tuberculosis. The environmental factors related to the disease include social-economic factors, closed living settings, and humanitarian and emergency crises. Schools’ special considerations in addressing tuberculosis include tuberculosis screening, establishing effective communication channels, and tuberculosis health education. Nurses also play a significant role in finding, collecting, and analyzing data. They use demographic data to accomplish all those activities. The World Health Organization has a major role in addressing several tuberculosis-related problems in order to reduce the disease's influence. The global implication of tuberculosis is that it is the leading infectious killer disease and mostly affects individuals who are HIV positive.


 

References

CDC. (2022). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. https://www.cdc.gov/

CDC. (2019). Global Health - Newsroom - Tuberculosis. CDC. https://www.cdc.gov/globalhealth/newsroom/topics/tb/index.html

Chen, H., Xia, Y., Zhang, C., Zhang, H., Cheng, J., & Zhao, Y. (2021). Tuberculosis in Schools and Requirements for Prevention and Control in China. China CDC Weekly3(3), 58–60. https://doi.org/10.46234/ccdcw2021.005

Duarte, R., Lönnroth, K., Carvalho, C., Lima, F., Carvalho, A. C. C., Muñoz-Torrico, M., & Centis, R. (2018). Tuberculosis, social determinants and co-morbidities (including HIV). Pulmonology24(2), 115-119. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2173511517301641

Harries, A. D., Kumar, A., Satyanarayana, S., Thekkur, P., Lin, Y., Dlodlo, R. A., & Zachariah, R. (2020). The growing importance of tuberculosis preventive therapy and how research and innovation can enhance its implementation on the ground. Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease5(2), 61.

Harding, E. (2020). WHO global progress report on tuberculosis elimination. The Lancet Respiratory Medicine8(1), 19. https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanres/article/PIIS2213-2600(19)30418-7/fulltext

Khan, A. H. (2018). Tuberculosis control in Sindh, Pakistan: critical analysis of its implementation. Journal of infection and public health10(1), 1-7. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1876034116300041

MacNeil, A. (2020). Global Epidemiology of Tuberculosis and Progress toward Meeting Global Targets — Worldwide, 2018. MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report69. ttps://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6911a2

NHS. (2019). Overview - Tuberculosis (TB). NHS; NHS. https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/tuberculosis-tb/

Ogbuabor, D. C., & Onwujekwe, O. E. (2019). Governance of tuberculosis control programme in Nigeria. Infectious diseases of poverty8(1), 1-11. https://idpjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40249-019-0556-2

World Health Organization (2021). 2.2 TB mortality. https://www.who.int/teams/global-tuberculosis-programme/tb-reports/global-tuberculosis-report-2021/disease-burden/mortality

Peter Seiyanoi

Peter Seiyanoi

0 reviews | 0 orders
  • Do you need help with an
    online class, essay or assignment?

  • Find the right expert among 500+

    We hire Gradewriters writers from different fields, thoroughly check their credentials, and put them through trials.

    View all writers

Tough Essay Due? Hire Tough Essay Writers!

We have subject matter experts ready 24/7 to tackle your specific tasks and deliver them ON TIME, ready to hand in. Our writers have advanced degrees, and they know exactly what’s required to get you the best possible grade.

View all writers

Find the right expert among 500+

We hire Gradewriters writers from different fields, thoroughly check their credentials, and put them through trials.

View all writers