Multicultural Factors Influencing Health
Question
The country to do the paper on is Canada
NUR
3655: Nursing in a Multicultural Society
One Country: Multi-cultural Factors Influencing Health
Your
instructor has assigned a specific country to you for this research assignment. Directions
to reach the Global Road Warrior website on the BSN Library Guide are included
in your syllabus in the section regarding this assignment. It is an excellent place to gain an overview
of your assigned country! There are many
scholarly resources provided to you in the drop-box folder for this
assignment and in the drop-box for the final analysis paper. See your current
course calendar for drop-box locations.
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Provide
a brief description of healthcare in this country (include historical
information) ·
Explore the delivery of healthcare in
the country assigned. For
assistance, see linked scholarly documents in two assignment drop-boxes (this
drop box in week 4 and also the week 6 drop-box for your analysis paper).
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Describe the current structure of healthcare delivery in
the assigned country ·
Briefly describe the current healthcare system of the
approved country according to the 4 major models on PBS: Frontline: Sick
around the world. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/sickaroundtheworld/countries/models.html |
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B. Major Cultural & Socioeconomic
Groups |
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Describe the country’s major cultural
and socioeconomic groups. ·
Use the Global Road Warrior on the BSN Library Guide as a starting point.
Explore disparities in healthcare
provided to these major groups. ·
Describe healthcare disparities including the impact on
the selected groups.
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C. Religious or spiritual foundations |
Select the major (predominant) religion
of this country. If there are two of relatively equal proportion briefly
discuss both. |
Identify the predominant religion(s) in
the assigned country.
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Describe
their general religious beliefs & practices ·
Include major religious rituals that
take place across the life span
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Explore the impact on religious beliefs and practices on health
& related behaviors ·
Discuss a minimum of two religious beliefs that impact
health practices, healthcare decisions, or health-related behaviors
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Textbook chapter 12 will be
helpful |
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D. Global Health Issues |
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Identify
high-risk lifestyle concerns among the population of this country ·
Discuss the lifestyle concerns in the
assigned country. Include obesity,
alcohol use, drug abuse, STI’s and other concerns.
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Examine
infant and maternal morbidity & mortality, including population impact ·
Provide relevant statistics for infant
and maternal morbidity/mortality data and how it affects the overall health
of the population
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Identify
the critical global health issues in this country ·
Discuss the two
(2) most threatening health / lifestyle / global issues
in this country, including statistical data to support your selections. The World Health Organization and The Commonwealth Fund are
primary sources for information. Also see live-linked sources in the drop box
for the final paper in the course. |
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E.
References |
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Use
in-text citations within each section, and conclude with references in APA
format.
Utilize a minimum of three (3) scholarly
references pertaining to the country. References must be from reliable,
professional and/or scholarly sources including peer-reviewed nursing and
related journals, published books, & websites of governmental agencies
and globally recognized authorities, professional organizations or university
websites). NOTE: Wikipedia, commercial travel
websites, blogs, or other opinion websites are not
acceptable sources. |
Please list your references below.
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References


Solution
Multicultural Factors
Influencing Health
A.
Healthcare
History & Structure
Access to healthcare based on need rather
than the ability to pay was the founding principle of the Canadian health
system. Medicare was first introduced in one province in 1947 and later spread
across the country through federal cost-sharing (Martin et al., 2018). Later,
it was harmonized through standards in federal law. Canada’s healthcare system
is government-sponsored, with its services provided by private entities (Sawyer
et al., n.d.). Healthcare systems tend to follow the The Out-Of-Pocket-Model,
The Bismarck Model, The National Health Insurance Model, and Beveridge Model.
Canada's health care system uses the National Health Insurance Model (NHI) and
the Out-Of-Pocket model (PBS, n.d). The
NHI model uses private-sector providers, but payments come from a
government-run insurance program that citizens pay. These universal insurance
programs tend to be cheaper and much simpler to administer. The out-of-pocket
model involves payment of treatment by those who can pay from their own
pockets. While the system is not perfect, the Canadian government is working
towards improving healthcare by establishing regulations that protect every
citizen's right to access the best medical care, whether they are insured or
not.
B.
Major
Cultural & Socioeconomic Groups
Canada is a
multicultural country that has excellent ethnic diversity. Just like any other
country, Canada has a culture that has been shaped by history. The Canadian
culture is mainly influenced by the various European cultures and traditions of
its constituent nationalities, primarily British and French cultures (Canadianvisa.org,
2021). According to (Statistics Canada Canada, 2017), 60.5% of the population reported origins from the British
Isles, and 31.1% reported French origins. Over the years, the number of British
Isles and French origins decreased but remained among Canada's most frequent
cultures. Furthermore, there are influences from the cultures of its indigenous
peoples and the neighboring USA. Socioeconomic status means an individual’s
level of income, education, wealth, and prestige.
Life expectancy and
health disparities have increased worldwide, including in Canada. However,
these gains are not equally distributed across all population groups. According
to (Bushnik et al., 2020), disparities exist, especially according to
socioeconomic position. In many countries, it is reported that people with less
education or lower-income are disadvantaged in the healthcare industry. Additionally,
racial and ethnic minorities tend to receive a lower quality of care than the
major cultural groups (Egede, 2006). This biasness causes division among the
cultures and the different socioeconomic groups.
C.
Religious
or Spiritual Foundations
Many
developed countries have growing popularity of irreligion, and so is Canada.
Nevertheless, Canada remains a Christian-dominated state. Canada also tolerates
other faiths and religions since it does not have an official religion. About
67% of the population identifies Christianity, Roman Catholicism, and
protestant Christianity being the major religions. Being a multicultural
country, Canada faces many challenges in dealing with healthcare because of its
distinctive religious beliefs (Stephenson, 2009). For example, Christians
believe that abortion, fertility drugs, in-vitro fertilization, and artificial
insemination are wrong. However, in healthcare, these practices are allowed if
they benefit the patient. Sexuality is associated with questions about circumcisions,
birth control, paternity, and infertility. Furthermore, death is linked to
health quandaries in which religious view is deeply felt and sharply divided.
Life
extension through organ transplants, euthanasia, palliation, and post-mortem
examinations are areas where religious views and practices dominate the
decision-making process (Stephenson, 2009). Religious beliefs often differ with
the healthcare procedures where questions arise about certain instances such as
the transformations of pregnancy and birth and death divides through religious
practices and beliefs about medicine. When people of different ethnic
traditions holding contradictory religious beliefs about the meaning of life
gather to make decisions about the care and treatment of those suffering, the
experience may be faced with difficulties.
D.
Global
Health Issues
Good
health is a significant resource for social, economic, and personal development
and essential for a healthy life. In general, Canada is a healthy country, with
overall mortality rates and life expectancy improving significantly over the
last few decades. According to (Cook et al., 2017), around 1999/2000 and
2014/2015, Canada's public health agency reported a range of 5.1 to 11.9 per
100,000 deliveries in pregnancy-related mortality. Severe morbidity peaking in
2013/2014 at 16.4 per 1000 hospital deliveries was reported by the Canadian
Institute of Health Information's Discharge Abstract Database (Cook et al.,
2017).
In 2015, the infant mortality rate was 4.590 deaths
per 1000 live births, and in 2019, there was a decline in the mortality rate
where the rate was 4.393 deaths per 1000 live births, indicating a 2.49%
decline from 2018. The current infant mortality rate is 4.055 deaths per 1000
live births, a 2.71 percent decline from 2021(Macrotrends,
n.d).
According to the Chief Public Health
Officer’s 2018 report, Canadian youths and young adults are constantly abusing
drugs, leading to a decrease in life expectancy. The substance abused most is
opioids, whereas (Murray, 2020) over the past five years, there has been a
rapid increase in hospitalizations related to opioids amongst young adults. In
addition, 25% of youths in grades 7 to 12 exhibit drinking behavior which is
very risky. Adoption of healthy behavior is a step to healthy living. However,
most of the population in Canada does not engage in physical activities; for
instance, less than 10 percent of children aged 5-17 meet a 24-hour movement
guideline, and 80 percent of the adult population do not meet physical activity
guidelines (Murray, 2020). Many chronic diseases can be delayed or prevented
with the appropriate physical activities.
Obesity rates in Canada for the youth
have nearly tripled over the last three decades. Obesity puts those affected at
a higher risk of developing further health issues, for instance, hypertension.
In addition, Canada faces a significant public health challenge in preventing
chronic diseases, including cardiovascular diseases, cancer, chronic
respiratory diseases, and diabetes. These diseases cause about 65 percent of
all deaths in Canada each year (Public Health Agency of Canada, 2017).
Depression and anxiety disorders are also causing health concerns in Canada.
Therefore, Canadian citizens should embrace physical activities and better
living habits to lead healthier lives and have fewer complications.
References
Bushnik, T.,
Tjepkema, M., & Martel, L. (2020, January 15). Socioeconomic
disparities in life and health expectancy among the household population in
Canada. Statistics Canada. https://www.doi.org/10.25318/82-003-x202000100001-eng
Macrotrends. (n.d). Canada Infant Mortality Rate 1950-2022.
Retrieved from Macrotrends:
https://www.macrotrends.net/countries/CAN/canada/infant-mortality-rate
Statistics
Canada, S. (2017, October 25). Ethnic and cultural origins of Canadians:
Portrait of a rich heritage. Retrieved from Statistics Canada: https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/as-sa/98-200-x/2016016/98-200-x2016016-eng.cfm
Cook, Jocelynn L.; Majd, Mina; Blake,
Jennifer; Barrett, Jon (Yosef); Bouvet, Sylvie; Janssen, Patricia; Knight,
Marian; Lisonkova, Sarka; Scott, Heather; Tough, Suzanne; Wong, Tom (2017). Measuring
Maternal Mortality and Morbidity in Canada. Journal of Obstetrics and
Gynaecology Canada, 39(11), 1028–1037. doi:10.1016/j.jogc.2017.06.021
Egede, L. E.
(2006). Race, ethnicity, culture, and disparities in health care. Journal
of General Internal Medicine, 21(6), 667-669. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1525-1497.2006.0512.x
Martin, Danielle; Miller, Ashley P;
Quesnel-Vallée, Amélie; Caron, Nadine R; Vissandjée, Bilkis; Marchildon,
Gregory P (2018). Canada's universal health-care system: achieving its
potential. The Lancet, (), S0140673618301818–. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(18)30181-8
PBS.
(n.d). Five countries - health care systems -- the four basic models | Sick
around the world | frontline. Retrieved from PBS:
https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/sickaroundtheworld/countries/models.html
Public
Health Agency of Canada. (2017, April 11). How healthy are Canadians?
Canada.ca. https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/publications/healthy-living/how-healthy-canadians.html
Sawyer, M. P.,
Gao, Q., Dong, Y., & Chen, Z. X. (n.d.). An
Overview of the Canadian Health Care System. https://assets.ce.columbia.edu/pdf/actu/actu-canada.pdf
Canadianvisa.org. (2021,
May 12). Canadian Culture. Retrieved from Canadianvisa.org: https://canadianvisa.org/life-in-canada/culture
Stephenson, P. H.
(2009, January). Health care, religion, and ethnic diversity in Canada.
ResearchGate | Find and share research. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/303437137_Health_care_religion_and_ethnic_diversity_in_Canada




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