Pros and Cons of Vaccines
Question
Bio 204 – Vaccine Homework assignment. (20 points)
Vaccinations: Where Do You Stand?
Preliminary Information
In recent years, one of the more controversial topics covered by the media involves the use of vaccines and whether children in the U.S. are receiving too many vaccines or vaccines with side effects. Your job in completing this assignment will be to research the use of vaccines and the perceived pros and cons versus the pros and cons supported by scientific literature. There will be 3 parts of the assignment to complete.
Format:
You must follow the EXACT format of the provided examples for each section (the easiest way to do this is to copy and past the examples into a new word document and add in your own information)
Part I: What are the pros and cons of vaccines according to the public? (6 points)
For this part, you will use various websites to research the opposing positions on vaccines and their necessity (those for vaccinations and those against) You want to look for websites that provide stories about children that were or were not vaccinated and the consequences. Here are a couple websites to get you started:
http://www.voicesforvaccines.org/blog/
http://www.thinktwice.com
In a Word Document, create a numbered list of at least 4 websites. Then, create a table that lists the PROS for vaccines (from those in support) and CONS (for those against) with the number of the resource shown behind it.
List at least 6 PROS and 6 CONS.
EXAMPLE:
Part 1:
Websites/Sources:
1. http://www.voicesforvaccines.org/blog/
2. http://www.thinktwice.com
3.
Pros Cons
Protects Future Generations (1) Could Cause Autism (2)
Part II: Does scientific literature support or counter the public view? (8 points)
After exploring the views presented by various websites, you will now use research engines provided by the library to search for peer-reviewed resources to try and counter or support the findings you listed in Part I. You must use these resources and make a list of the 6 Pros and Cons. Provide a list of the specific resources you used. These must be peer-reviewed resources.* You will create a copy of the Table you made in Part I and then add a column that summarizes your research finding with the resource(s) noted.
You will be evaluated on both your summary as well as whether the resources you utilized are peer-reviewed and quality resources.
EXAMPLE:
Part 2:
Peer Reviewed Websites/Sources:
4. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33147444/
5. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0021755720302254
6.
7.
Pros Peer Reviewed Source For/Against: Summary
Protect Future Generations (1) Write a short summary from peer-reviewed source here with citation (5)
Cons Peer Reviewed Source For/Against: Summary
Could cause autism (2) Write a short summary from peer-reviewed source here with citation (6)
Part III: What are the potential side effects and benefits of vaccines (6 points)
a. Pick two vaccines that are currently administered to children in the U.S. Find the vaccine on the CDC’s website:
https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/parents/diseases/index.html and describe the disease(s) that the vaccine protects against (benefit), as well as the side effects (both mild and serious). Also, describe in detail what kind of vaccine it is (live attenuated, inactivated, toxoids etc.) and give the prescribed schedule for the administration of the vaccines. Be sure to include a list of all sources as shown.
You will most likely need to use more sources than just the CDC to obtain all of the information for this section.
b. Reflecting on the information you learned from this assignment, write a brief (1-2 paragraph) opinion on how you view the vaccination controversary in our current society.
EXAMPLE (Please note: you cannot use Rotavirus, or any of the Rotavirus vaccines in your
assignment):
Websites/Sources:
8. https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/parents/diseases/rotavirus.html?CDC_AA_refVal=https%3A
%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fvaccines%2Fparents%2Fdiseases%2Fchild%2Frotavirus.html
9. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1586/erv.09.136
10. https://www.nps.org.au/radar/articles/rotavirus-vaccines-rotarix-and-rota-teq-forprevention-of-rotavirus-gastroenteritis
a. Vaccine 1: Rotavirus Vaccine
-Disease: Rotavirus causes diarrhea, fever, stomach pain and vomiting in children and babies who are
infected, and can often lead to life threatening issues like dehydration (9)
-Side Effects of vaccine: fussiness, diarrhea, vomiting, bowel blockage (intussusception) (9)
-Type of vaccine: Live Attenuated Rotavirus (RV) (10, 11)
RV1 (2-dose series) (9)
RV5 (3-dose series) (9)
-Schedule of administration:
Rotarix (RV1): 2-dose series at 2 and 4 months (9)
RotaTeq (RV5): 3-dose series at 2, 4, and 6 months (9)
Vaccine 2: …
b. Personal reflection: …
*Helpful hints for finding reputable Sources: Start with a key term google search to find
scientific journals articles and references to reputable sources, textbooks, University websites,
Scientific American etc.
-http://www.asm.org/, the website for the American Microbiological Society (ASM), is a
great site for links to journals with primary and secondary sources (research articles and review
articles) on a variety of microbiological topics.
-Another excellent resource for finding primary scientific research articles is the FRCC library
databases which are located here:
https://www.frontrange.edu/campuses/libraries/westminster-databases. It even has links to
citation assistance, tutorial videos, and online search engines, including PubMed.
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Solution
Vaccines
Part 1: Pros and Cons of Vaccines According to the Public
Websites/Sources:
1. http://www.voicesforvaccines.org/blog/
3.Talking-with-parents_EN_WHO_WEB.pdf (https://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0006/160755/Talking-with-parents_EN_WHO_WEB.pdf?msclkid=708fe15cb59211ec924b6fa32b35e268)
4. Pros - Vaccine (weebly.com) (https://vaccines123.weebly.com/pros.html?msclkid=24d1f32db59311ecb9e3f0d1ec220c21)
|
Pros |
Cons |
|
It prepares children for any diseases that may result in the future and protects them against the illnesses. |
It could cause down syndrome and other neurological disorders. |
|
HPV vaccine and other childhood vaccines are safe and prevent cancer. |
Vaccines cause allergic reactions and swelling up of the injection site. |
|
Routine and continued vaccination ensure protection for ourselves, our family members, and the community. |
Covid-19 vaccines are causing heart attacks and diseases. |
|
There are no proven dangers regarding getting all the recommended vaccines. |
Side effects from vaccines have a significant threat to a child's safety. |
|
Vaccines also offer protection to people with a compromised immune system. |
Vaccines cause grand mal seizures, encephalopathy, and convulsions in children. |
|
Vaccines are effective, and millions of lives are saved each year. The benefits are far more than the risks. |
Could cause sudden and unexpected deaths. |
Part 2: Does scientific literature support or counter the public views
Peer-Reviewed Websites/Sources:
4. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33147444/
5. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0021755720302254
6. Chevalier-Cottin, Emma-Pascale, et al. "Communicating benefits from vaccines beyond preventing infectious diseases." Infectious Diseases and Therapy 9.3 (2020): 467-480.
7. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32583334/#:~:text=Vaccination%20can%20reduce%20antimicrobial%20resistance,the%20need%20for%20antimicrobial%20use.
8. Ventola, C. Lee. "Immunization in the United States: recommendations, barriers, and measures to improve compliance: part 1: childhood vaccinations." Pharmacy and Therapeutics 41.7 (2016): 426.
9. https://ftp.historyofvaccines.org/multilanguage/content/articles/do-vaccines-cause-autism
10. Aaby, Peter, et al. "The non-specific and sex-differential effects of vaccines." Nature Reviews Immunology 20.8 (2020): 464-470.
11. Paul, Elise, Andrew Steptoe, and Daisy Fancourt. "Attitudes towards vaccines and intention to vaccinate against COVID-19: Implications for public health communications." The Lancet Regional Health-Europe 1 (2021): 308-350: 100012.
|
Pros |
Peer-Reviewed Source For/Against: Summary |
|
Vaccines prepare children for any diseases that may result in the future and protects them against illnesses. |
Vaccines are directed to the identified host factor responsible for the infection, regulate one's susceptibility, and are effective against future pandemics (Ventola, 426) |
|
HPV vaccine and other childhood vaccines are safe and prevent cancer. |
Clinical trials have been done, and the effectiveness of the HPV vaccine has been proven in the prevention of cervical infection with Human Papilloma Virus types (16, 18, 31, 33, 45, 52). |
|
Routine and continued vaccination ensure protection for ourselves, our family members, and the community. |
Vaccines reduce antimicrobial resistance by reducing the frequency of infectious diseases and the number of circulating AMR strains; therefore, antimicrobial use is reduced. (Chevalier-Cottin et al., 470) |
|
There are no proven dangers regarding getting all the recommended vaccines |
Primarily, sepsis and pneumonia reduce the mortality rate and produce a double benefit compared to the health risks. (Ventola, 2016) |
|
Vaccines also offer protection to people with a compromised immune system. |
Vaccine-preventable illnesses such as pneumococcal diseases and influenza significantly burden the aging population. (Chevalier-Cottin et al., 476). |
|
Vaccines are effective, and millions of lives are saved each year. The benefits are far more than the risks. |
Research studies have estimated that in the U.S, for each child born and receiving the recommended vaccines, close to 20 million illnesses and deaths exceeding 40 000 are prevented. (Ventola, 426). |
|
Cons |
Peer-Reviewed Source For/Against: Summary |
|
It could cause autism and other neurological disorders. |
A British study linked the Measles-Rubella vaccine to autism in 1995. This resulted from children who had been vaccinated with MMR developed bowel syndrome that later persisted and caused a disruption to the intestinal tissue leading to bowel disease and neuropsychiatric disease, mainly autism (Aaby et al., 466). |
|
Vaccines cause allergic reactions and swelling up of the injection site. |
It results from components present in a vaccine. These are, immunizing antigens, preservatives, conjugating agents, and antimicrobial agents used in their preparation (Paul et al.,312). |
|
Covid-19 vaccines are causing heart attacks and diseases. |
After Covid-19 vaccination, the body’s immune system may trigger an inflammatory process following an infection. This is most likely to cause pericarditis and myocarditis (Paul et al., 333) |
|
Side effects from vaccines have a significant threat to a child's safety. |
Autism, seizures, encephalitis, and other neurologic disabilities that may prolong throughout their lifetime constitute a significant health risk to children (Aaby et al., 467). |
|
Vaccines cause grand mal seizures, encephalopathy, and convulsions in children. |
The risk of a child developing seizures and adverse neurologic problems increases after the MMR vaccine, especially in children with a history of seizures (Paul et al.,435) |
|
Could cause sudden and unexpected deaths |
More than ten studies have linked non-live vaccines with increased mortality, especially among girls. It is due to the interaction of some vaccines when administered together (Aaby et al.,466). |
Part III: What are the potential side effects and benefits of vaccines (6 points)
Vaccine 1: Polio Vaccine
Disease: Polio is an illness caused by a virus and can cause permanent paralysis.
Side effects: redness, swelling, and pain at the injection site. Also, it may cause low fever, body aches, drowsiness, and vomiting.
Type of Vaccine: Trivalent, monovalent, and bivalent Oral polio Vaccine, Inactivated poliovirus vaccine,
Schedule of Administration: Inactivated polio vaccine is given at 2 and 4 months, 6 through 18 months, and 4 through 6 years old.
Vaccine 2: Measles, Mumps, and Rubella Vaccine
Disease: It protects against measles, rubella, mumps, and varicella (chickenpox)
Side effects: fever, red rash, runny nose, puffy eyes, localized pain, and swelling at the injection site.
Type of Vaccine: It is a live attenuated vaccine available by combining other vaccines; measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine.
Schedule of administration: first dose at 12 through 15 months of age, the second dose at 4 through 6 years of age.
Personal Reflection
Despite parental views on the harmful effects caused by vaccines, I think some of the controversies have not been adequately proven scientifically. The benefits, however, are well recognized and are seen in children receiving timely routine immunizations. They are protected and prevented against several life-threatening diseases. Therefore, the benefits of vaccines heavily outweigh the side effects. Hence, all children should be vaccinated to ensure healthy living.
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