Psychology 2600 8.3 Final Exam

Psychology 2600 8.3 Final Exam

Question 1

Cardiovascular disease is a term that refers to heart and circulatory system illnesses. In the United States and other developed countries, cardiovascular disease is the most common cause of death. Males and females die at similar rates throughout their lives, while men die of cardiovascular disease at earlier ages, making gender a CVD risk factor (Shufelt,2018). In the United States and other developed countries, cancer is the second major cause of death. On Cancer differences, men have a greater total cancer mortality rate than women, although women die younger.

Additionally, there are gender variances in the various forms of cancer. Violent deaths are more common in the United States than in other developed nations, and they vary by ethnicity and gender (Shufelt,2018). For example, African American men are more likely to be killed than European American men, although they are least likely to attempt suicide or die in car accidents. Due to the gender gap in dangerous activities, women are less likely to die from these conditions than males.

Reference

Shufelt, C. L., Pacheco, C., Tweet, M. S., & Miller, V. M. (2018). Sex-Specific Physiology and Cardiovascular Disease. Advances in experimental medicine and biology, 1065, 433–454. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-77932-4_27

Question 2

Gender roles are preconceptions about male and female conduct shaped by culture. Family dynamics also influence gender specialization. Women do more housework than men, and the kinds of housework given to children are heavily influenced by gender. As a result, children's gender roles are further shaped by family dynamics (Few-Demo, 2020). In terms of the quantity, seriousness, and efficacy of violence against women, male violence differs significantly from female violence against men. Domestic violence is more likely to victimize women than males, and women are more likely to be seriously hurt or murdered due to it. Female poverty has a more pronounced upward trend. For various interconnected causes, women are at a substantially higher risk of poverty than males (Few-Demo, 2020). Even though they have the same abilities and work the same hours, women are paid less than males. Full-time working women earn only 77 percent of what males do, resulting in a 22 percent economic inequality. Gender discrimination has a significant impact on mental and physical health worldwide. It can limit access to healthcare, increase sickness rates, and end people's lives prematurely. Women live longer and better than men, but they also have a higher sickness rate. Discrimination and unfairness based on gender are likely to play a role.

References

Few‐Demo, A. L., & Allen, K. R. (2020). Gender, feminist, and intersectional perspectives on families: A decade in review. Journal of Marriage and Family, 82(1), 326-345.

Question 3

 The three surveys had both similarities and differences. The similarities included a high percentage of men who masturbated, Premarital intercourse reported by a large percentage of men, and Similar numbers of women and men who had extramarital sex. However, the percentages for men and women were not comparable, and finally, similar percentages of adults who remembered experiences of childhood harassment. However, there are gender disparities in how often men and women have the experience. (Petok, 2022). The three surveys revealed differences in rates of premarital sexual activity, with more recent studies showing an increase between women and masturbation before the age of 13 (Petok, 2022). In addition, more surveys suggested that masturbation has become more prevalent. However, a greater number of boys masturbated early in their lives.

References

Petok, W. D., & Marcell, A. V. (2022). The acquisition of sexual and reproductive health knowledge. Psychological and Medical Perspectives on Fertility Care and Sexual Health, 3-20.

Question 4

Blueprint for Companionship In a love relationship, the male can concentrate on providing for all the family's requirements (Fonseca et al.,2020). His primary contribution to the partnership is to offer the family necessities. The wife's job is to encourage family bonding. The husband goes out in quest of daily meals, only to return home to a woman who has prepared the house a comfortable place to live. In the partnership, her main responsibility is to promote togetherness. In the blueprint for independence, both men and women work on their self-improvement. They all work and pay their expenses at the same time. Since she is preoccupied with her world, it is not the woman's responsibility to foster connection. They are both self-contained from one another (Fonseca et al.,2020). In the Interdependence blueprint, both parties are supportive and affectionate. They rely on one another for support and share household tasks.

References

Fonseca, A. L., Ye, T., Koyama, J., Curran, M., & Butler, E. A. (2020). A theoretical model for understanding relationship functioning in intercultural romantic couples. Personal Relationships, 27(4), 760-784.

Question 5

Regarding mental health issues, less than a third of college-aged men seek help every year. Some men believe that counseling is a sign of weakness because it entails asking for help and exposing oneself to emotional vulnerability (Hussein, 2020). According to this theory, compliance to masculine norms is generally connected with more negative views and a lesser propensity to seek counseling. Most notably, impediments such as increased self-stigma linked with therapy and a lower readiness to self-disclose feelings appear to influence the relationship between the social norm and help-seeking sentiments and intents. A counselor can assist men in navigating their thoughts and challenges by finding opportunities for growth and devising a strategy for moving forward in a healthier way (Hussein, 2020). Men should be encouraged to take charge of their mental health by assisting them in realizing that they are not alone. Make it clear that they aren't a burden. Demonstrate how mental health is just as vital as physical well-being and remind them that seeking assistance is an act of bravery.

Reference

Husain, W. (2020). Barriers in seeking psychological help: public perception in Pakistan. Community Mental Health Journal, 56(1), 75-78.

Question 6

Sex between therapists and clients has surfaced as a big issue that the industry has yet to accept and handle. A small percentage of therapists take advantage of the client's compassion and helplessness and the power inherent in the therapist's profession by sexually abusing the client. Therapist-patient sex is also a legal tort, and some nations have made it illegal. All significant mental health practitioners' ethics codes discourage it. Diverse study models addressing therapist-client sexual interaction have revealed striking gender differences. Exploited clients are overwhelmingly female while abusing therapists are majority male. However, when the overall percentage of male and female therapists and clients are considered, the percentage of male offenders outnumbers the number of female convicts, and the number of female victims outnumbers the majority of male clients. Individuals who have had a sexual relationship with a therapist may feel empty afterward, as though their sense of identity has been emptied and gone permanently. The experience of emptiness is frequently accompanied by feelings of loneliness as if they are no longer people in society, cut off from every sensation a social link with others.

References

Black, S. C., & Gringart, E. (2019). The relationship between clients' preferences of therapists' sex and mental health support seeking: An exploratory study. Australian Psychologist, 54(4), 322-335.

Question 7

LGBT teenagers have major obstacles as they grow up in a neighborhood where heterosexuality is typically pushed as the only acceptable sexuality and homosexuality is abnormal. In many aspects of life, they continue to experience discrimination and exclusion (Tripathi, 2022). Regularly, homosexual violence and abuse against LGBT adolescents occur. Since they are afraid of losing their jobs, most LGBT youths continue to hide their sexual orientation and are harassed. Young LGBT persons are particularly susceptible, as they face alienation from friends and family, bullying at school, and invisibility, resulting in superior underperformance, school dropout, mental illness, and homelessness in certain circumstances (Tripathi, 2022). Discrimination restricts LGBT youths’ equitable access to important social commodities like work, health care, education, and homes. It also victimizes them in the community, making them one of the most vulnerable groups at risk of exclusion. Adolescents who identify as LGBTQ confront similar issues.

Reference

Tripathi, A., & Talwar, T. (2022). Parental Acceptance and Challenges Faced by LGBTQ Youth in India and Their Mental Health. In Gender Equity: Challenges and Opportunities (pp. 23-35). Springer, Singapore.