Autism And Spectrum Disorder
Question
Title of Annotated
Bibliography: Your Choice
Your Name
Your Institution,
City State
Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to examine the research
associated with Topic. ….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Based on the examination of the research, the
following conclusions were made. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………….
Title of Annotated
Bibliography: Your Choice
Author, A. A.,
Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (Year). Title of article. Title of
Periodical, volume
number(issue number), pages.
Summarize: Write and overall summary of the
article. What is this source telling you
about your topic? What are the main
ideas? If this is an experiment, what is
the hypothesis?
Evaluate the article. Write a paragraph answering the
questions
Is this a reliable source?
Can I trust the information it presents? Is it a good source?
Is it biased or objective?
Reflect: For this article write a third paragraph reflecting
upon what you read. Did this information
change your mind about the topic? Did it
advance your knowledge about the topic? Did it help you understand your topic?
How will you use it in your paper?
Author, A. A.,
Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (Year). Title of article. Title of
Periodical, volume
number(issue number), pages.
Summarize: Write and overall summary of the
article. What is this source telling you
about your topic? What are the main
ideas? If this is an experiment, what is
the hypothesis?
Evaluate the article. Write a paragraph answering the
questions
Is this a reliable source?
Can I trust the information it presents? Is it a good source?
Is it biased or objective?
Author, A. A.,
Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (Year). Title of article. Title of
Periodical, volume
number(issue number), pages.
Summarize: Write and overall summary of the
article. What is this source telling you about your topic? What are the main ideas? If this is an experiment, what is the
hypothesis?
Evaluate the article. Write a paragraph answering the
questions
Is this a reliable source?
Can I trust the information it presents? Is it a good source?
Is it biased or objective?
Reflect: For this article write a third paragraph reflecting
upon what you read. Did this information
change your mind about the topic? Did it
advance your knowledge about the topic? Did it help you understand your topic?
How will you use it in your paper?
Author, A. A.,
Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (Year). Title of article. Title of
Periodical, volume
number(issue number), pages.
Summarize: Write and overall summary of the
article. What is this source telling you about your topic? What are the main ideas? If this is an experiment, what is the
hypothesis?
Evaluate the article. Write a paragraph answering the
questions
Is this a reliable source?
Can I trust the information it presents? Is it a good source?
Is it biased or objective?
Author, A. A.,
Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (Year). Title of article. Title of
Periodical, volume
number(issue number), pages.
Summarize: Write and overall summary of the
article. What is this source telling you
about your topic? What are the main ideas? If this is an experiment, what is the
hypothesis?
Evaluate the article. Write a paragraph answering the
questions
Is this a reliable source?
Can I trust the information it presents? Is it a good source?
Is it biased or objective?
Reflect: For this article write a third paragraph reflecting
upon what you read. Did this information
change your mind about the topic? Did it
advance your knowledge about the topic? Did it help you understand your topic?
How will you use it in your paper?


Solution
Abstract
Autism
spectrum disorders (ASDs) are a set of neurodevelopmental diseases that affect
people of all ages and for which there is currently no cure. The only serious
developmental disability that has been found to be more prevalent than
previously believed is mental retardation. Despite the fact that autism
spectrum disorders (ASD) have a heritable component, no potential risk genes
have yet been identified. As a result, future study is essential to learn more
about autism spectrum disorders (ASDs). This research should be
population-based and descriptive. It should also include genetic and
environmental exposure data and data on different types of autism.
Autism
And Spectrum Disorder
Lord, C., Cook, E. H., Leventhal, B. L., &
Amaral, D. G. (2000). Autism spectrum disorders. Neuron, 28(2),
355-363.
The article says
that many therapies for autism have been based on educational and behavioral
strategies. This is because people do not know much about its cause or biology.
There is a growing interest in testing psychoactive medications for their
ability to help autistic patients. Many studies are being conducted to examine
the effects of risperidone, which was found to impact maladaptive behaviors
positively but not on fundamental social and communication deficiencies in a
single double-blind placebo-controlled experiment. Many treatments now include
a combination of rigorous, organized education, positive behavior management,
family support, and a focus on functional communication in addition to the more
traditional therapies. As outlined in this piece, social reciprocity and
communication and restricted or repetitive behavior are all features of autism.
Early signs of autism can be seen in children as young as three years old. When
a child cannot communicate with words, even when they can memorize sections
from videotapes or utter the alphabet, parents are typically anxious.
I could say that
this source is reliable since it talks of facts found in real life. When it
comes to treating children with autism spectrum disorders, some parents are
getting more experimental, according to the article. Thus, they are more
susceptible to fresh promises of great changes, especially in response to widely
advertised therapies like aided communication, auditory education, diet
adjustments, and, more recently, the use of secretin.
I could say that
autism research and advocacy have always relied heavily on the efforts of
parents’ groups, from their inception in both the United States and Great
Britain to their current role in a variety of parent-founded, led, and funded
organizations. In addition, parents’ groups may be incredibly useful in
disseminating scientific knowledge that might be overwhelming at times on the
internet with its hundreds of sources.
Lord, C., Elsabbagh, M., Baird, G., &
Veenstra-Vanderweele, J. (2018). Autism spectrum disorder. The lancet, 392(10146),
508-520.
Generally
speaking, the article claims that nowadays, more people with autism spectrum
conditions can converse, read, and live in the community than there were 50
years before. Some will be fully free of symptoms by the time they reach
adulthood. However, most individuals will not be able to work full-time or live
on their own for the remainder of their lives due to physical or mental limitations.
As stated in the article, autism spectrum disorder is a cluster of early-onset
social communication impairments and repetitive sensory-motor activities
associated with a large genetic component and other features.
This
article may be reliable since genetics and neurology have discovered intriguing
risk patterns, but they have found little practical utility in their findings.
There is still more work to be done to understand which children, especially
those with substantial co-morbidities, will benefit the most from behavioral
and pharmacological therapies and when these interventions should be
implemented.
I can say that
putting into practice what we now know and building programs for people with
autism spectrum disorder are equally important. Clinical practitioners, in my
view, have a huge effect when it comes to assisting families in navigating
referrals and gaining access to community support networks when they give
timely and tailored assistance. Also, despite the usually unfiltered media
intake, they can anticipate life events such as moving to a new house or
beginning or finishing school, all while delivering reliable information.
Lord, C., Burgh, T. S., Charman, T., Cusack,
J., Dumas, G., Frazier, T., ... & Veenstra-VanderWeele, J. (2020). Autism
spectrum disorder. Nature reviews Disease primers, 6(1),
1-23.
The article
suggests that high-income nations are more likely than lower-income countries
to have a greater frequency of autism. It has been discovered that there are
modest morphological and functional variations amongst autistic persons in the post-mortem,
neuroimaging, and electrophysiological research. In this article, people with
an autistic spectrum condition are defined as having a particular mix of social
communication difficulties, repetitive behaviors, and limited interests and
sensory activities that begin early in life. The article claims that in
children as young as two years old, atypical development known as autism
manifests as deficiencies in three distinct areas: social interaction,
communication, and repetitive behaviors. Social engagement, communication, and
constrained and repetitive behavior are examples of reciprocal social
interaction. Many children do not receive a diagnosis until much later in life,
despite parents’ concerns throughout their first year of life. According to a
recent study, two-year-old autism diagnoses persist until three years old, while
diagnoses established at five years old continue until late adolescence.
Because
this article connects current facts with historical data, it has the potential
to be reliable. Initial hopes were high since genetic sub-types might be
inferred from behavioral traits; however, most genetic investigations have been
conducted on non-autistic populations rather than on autism, lowering those
expectations. In addition, treatments for children’s mental health have been
proven to enhance specific behaviors such as social engagement, language
development, and joint attention, all of which may impact their long-term
development and the severity of their symptoms.
I believe that
greater study is needed to enhance long-term independence and quality of life
for persons with autism and therapies and the processes that drive them. Families
are often the most important source of support for persons with autism
throughout most of their lives. Therefore, they must be considered in both
research and practice when developing interventions.
Frith, U., & Happé, F. (2005). Autism
spectrum disorder. Current Biology, 15(19), R786-R790.
The article is
generally used to demonstrate the wide range of symptoms found in autism
spectrum disorders (ASDs) i. It is said the article says that autism is a
developmental disease characterized by early social and communication
difficulties and inflexible, repetitive behavior patterns. Individuals with
autism spectrum disorder (ASD) show a wide range in how they display these
symptoms.
I
could say that this source is reliable since it talks of the relevant facts. Current
estimates for autism range from 4 to 60 per 10,000, but prevalence estimates in
the 1960s were as low as 4 per 10,000 when systematic studies were first
conducted. Fears of an outbreak have arisen as a result of this 15-fold
increase. Only a small fraction of today’s spectrum would meet diagnostic
criteria from that era since they’ve evolved substantially since the 1960s. The
increased incidence of recognized instances may be due to widening diagnostic
criteria, improved awareness, diagnostic facilities, and specialized services.
As far as I’m
concerned, it should become evident which aspects of autism are caused by
different things in the brain and linked. It may be possible to revolutionize
the diagnosis of ASD when the genes underlying susceptibility is uncovered. As
a result, previously thought-to-be-distinct instances may be part of separate
etiological groupings, while previously unknown causes may be discovered within
genetic pedigrees. We can use animal models to find out how neurodegenerative
disorders happen and how to prevent them by studying genes that have been
isolated. Even though there has been a lot of progress in autism research, it
still requires knowledge of how autism develops throughout a child’s life. This
long-term goal can be attained by merging bottom-up and top-down techniques,
such as genome-wide screening and demonstrating the neurological basis of
hypothesized cognitive advantages and impairments.
Newschaffer, C. J., Croen, L. A., Daniels, J.,
Giarelli, E., Grether, J. K., Levy, S. E., ... & Windham, G. C. (2007). The
epidemiology of autism spectrum disorders. Annu. Rev. Public Health, 28,
235-258.
According to the article, there are three
separate diagnoses in the autism spectrum disorders (ASDs): autistic disorder,
Asperger’s disorder, and a persistent developmental condition that has not yet
been classified (PDD-NOS). The term “autism” is used to refer to this group of
illnesses. Because there are no valid biomarkers for autism, it is impossible
to make a diagnosis. Diagnosis is based on how someone behaves. The diagnostic
criteria include three main areas of functioning and how much someone is
impacted. In contrast to those who have autism, these folks have ordinary to
above-average cognitive talents and hence are not autistic. There are a variety
of neurological illnesses known as autism spectrum disorders (ASDs), which
include issues with social interaction and communication and repetitive or
stereotyped behaviors.
Because
it deals with facts, this article has the potential to be a
reliable resource. There is a 4.3:1 average male-to-female ratio for ASDs,
which means that males are more likely than girls to be afflicted (48). Mental
retardation significantly impacts the sex ratio, which can drop from over 5.5:1
in instances without cognitive impairment to closer than 2:1 in those with
mental retardation (48).
I
can tell that, despite significant progress in autism epidemiology over the
past decade, there are still significant gaps in information and methodological
hurdles. Accurate case definitions are critical for both descriptive and
analytic epidemiology in studying autism as long as it is behaviorally
characterized. Epidemiologists need to collect more data about autism spectrum
disorders. They need to look for risk factors in studies that consider both
genetics and environmental exposure. They also need to address the possibility
of different causes of autism by looking at different groups of people with the
disorder.
References
Frith, U., & Happé, F. (2005). Autism spectrum
disorder. Current biology, 15(19), R786-R790.
Lord, C., Brugha, T. S., Charman, T., Cusack,
J., Dumas, G., Frazier, T., ... & Veenstra-VanderWeele, J. (2020). Autism
spectrum disorder. Nature reviews Disease primers, 6(1),
1-23.
Lord, C., Cook, E. H., Leventhal, B. L., &
Amaral, D. G. (2000). Autism spectrum disorders. Neuron, 28(2),
355-363.
Lord, C., Elsabbagh, M., Baird, G., &
Veenstra-Vanderweele, J. (2018). Autism spectrum disorder. The lancet, 392(10146),
508-520.
Newschaffer, C. J., Croen, L. A., Daniels, J.,
Giarelli, E., Grether, J. K., Levy, S. E., ... & Windham, G. C. (2007). The
epidemiology of autism spectrum disorders. Annu. Rev. Public Health, 28,
235-258.




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