Autism And Spectrum Disorder

Abstract

Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) are a set of neurodevelopmental diseases that affect people of all ages and for which there is currently no cure. The only serious developmental disability that has been found to be more prevalent than previously believed is mental retardation. Despite the fact that autism spectrum disorders (ASD) have a heritable component, no potential risk genes have yet been identified. As a result, future study is essential to learn more about autism spectrum disorders (ASDs). This research should be population-based and descriptive. It should also include genetic and environmental exposure data and data on different types of autism. 

Autism and Spectrum Disorder

Lord, C., Cook, E. H., Leventhal, B. L., & Amaral, D. G. (2000). Autism spectrum disorders. Neuron, 28(2), 355-363.

The article says that many therapies for autism have been based on educational and behavioral strategies. This is because people do not know much about its cause or biology. There is a growing interest in testing psychoactive medications for their ability to help autistic patients. Many studies are being conducted to examine the effects of risperidone, which was found to impact maladaptive behaviors positively but not on fundamental social and communication deficiencies in a single double-blind placebo-controlled experiment. Many treatments now include a combination of rigorous, organized education, positive behavior management, family support, and a focus on functional communication in addition to the more traditional therapies. As outlined in this piece, social reciprocity and communication and restricted or repetitive behavior are all features of autism. Early signs of autism can be seen in children as young as three years old. When a child cannot communicate with words, even when they can memorize sections from videotapes or utter the alphabet, parents are typically anxious. 

I could say that this source is reliable since it talks of facts found in real life. When it comes to treating children with autism spectrum disorders, some parents are getting more experimental, according to the article. Thus, they are more susceptible to fresh promises of great changes, especially in response to widely advertised therapies like aided communication, auditory education, diet adjustments, and, more recently, the use of secretin.

I could say that autism research and advocacy have always relied heavily on the efforts of parents’ groups, from their inception in both the United States and Great Britain to their current role in a variety of parent-founded, led, and funded organizations. In addition, parents’ groups may be incredibly useful in disseminating scientific knowledge that might be overwhelming at times on the internet with its hundreds of sources.

Lord, C., Elsabbagh, M., Baird, G., & Veenstra-Vanderweele, J. (2018). Autism spectrum disorder. The lancet, 392(10146), 508-520.

Generally speaking, the article claims that nowadays, more people with autism spectrum conditions can converse, read, and live in the community than there were 50 years before. Some will be fully free of symptoms by the time they reach adulthood. However, most individuals will not be able to work full-time or live on their own for the remainder of their lives due to physical or mental limitations. As stated in the article, autism spectrum disorder is a cluster of early-onset social communication impairments and repetitive sensory-motor activities associated with a large genetic component and other features.

This article may be reliable since genetics and neurology have discovered intriguing risk patterns, but they have found little practical utility in their findings. There is still more work to be done to understand which children, especially those with substantial co-morbidities, will benefit the most from behavioral and pharmacological therapies and when these interventions should be implemented.

I can say that putting into practice what we now know and building programs for people with autism spectrum disorder are equally important. Clinical practitioners, in my view, have a huge effect when it comes to assisting families in navigating referrals and gaining access to community support networks when they give timely and tailored assistance. Also, despite the usually unfiltered media intake, they can anticipate life events such as moving to a new house or beginning or finishing school, all while delivering reliable information.

Lord, C., Burgh, T. S., Charman, T., Cusack, J., Dumas, G., Frazier, T., ... & Veenstra-VanderWeele, J. (2020). Autism spectrum disorder. Nature reviews Disease primers, 6(1), 1-23.

The article suggests that high-income nations are more likely than lower-income countries to have a greater frequency of autism. It has been discovered that there are modest morphological and functional variations amongst autistic persons in the post-mortem, neuroimaging, and electrophysiological research. In this article, people with an autistic spectrum condition are defined as having a particular mix of social communication difficulties, repetitive behaviors, and limited interests and sensory activities that begin early in life. The article claims that in children as young as two years old, atypical development known as autism manifests as deficiencies in three distinct areas: social interaction, communication, and repetitive behaviors. Social engagement, communication, and constrained and repetitive behavior are examples of reciprocal social interaction. Many children do not receive a diagnosis until much later in life, despite parents’ concerns throughout their first year of life. According to a recent study, two-year-old autism diagnoses persist until three years old, while diagnoses established at five years old continue until late adolescence.

Because this article connects current facts with historical data, it has the potential to be reliable. Initial hopes were high since genetic sub-types might be inferred from behavioral traits; however, most genetic investigations have been conducted on non-autistic populations rather than on autism, lowering those expectations. In addition, treatments for children’s mental health have been proven to enhance specific behaviors such as social engagement, language development, and joint attention, all of which may impact their long-term development and the severity of their symptoms.

I believe that greater study is needed to enhance long-term independence and quality of life for persons with autism and therapies and the processes that drive them. Families are often the most important source of support for persons with autism throughout most of their lives. Therefore, they must be considered in both research and practice when developing interventions.

Frith, U., & Happé, F. (2005). Autism spectrum disorder. Current Biology, 15(19), R786-R790.

The article is generally used to demonstrate the wide range of symptoms found in autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) i. It is said the article says that autism is a developmental disease characterized by early social and communication difficulties and inflexible, repetitive behavior patterns. Individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) show a wide range in how they display these symptoms.

I could say that this source is reliable since it talks of the relevant facts. Current estimates for autism range from 4 to 60 per 10,000, but prevalence estimates in the 1960s were as low as 4 per 10,000 when systematic studies were first conducted. Fears of an outbreak have arisen as a result of this 15-fold increase. Only a small fraction of today’s spectrum would meet diagnostic criteria from that era since they’ve evolved substantially since the 1960s. The increased incidence of recognized instances may be due to widening diagnostic criteria, improved awareness, diagnostic facilities, and specialized services.

As far as I’m concerned, it should become evident which aspects of autism are caused by different things in the brain and linked. It may be possible to revolutionize the diagnosis of ASD when the genes underlying susceptibility is uncovered. As a result, previously thought-to-be-distinct instances may be part of separate etiological groupings, while previously unknown causes may be discovered within genetic pedigrees. We can use animal models to find out how neurodegenerative disorders happen and how to prevent them by studying genes that have been isolated. Even though there has been a lot of progress in autism research, it still requires knowledge of how autism develops throughout a child’s life. This long-term goal can be attained by merging bottom-up and top-down techniques, such as genome-wide screening and demonstrating the neurological basis of hypothesized cognitive advantages and impairments.

Newschaffer, C. J., Croen, L. A., Daniels, J., Giarelli, E., Grether, J. K., Levy, S. E., ... & Windham, G. C. (2007). The epidemiology of autism spectrum disorders. Annu. Rev. Public Health, 28, 235-258.

According to the article, there are three separate diagnoses in the autism spectrum disorders (ASDs): autistic disorder, Asperger’s disorder, and a persistent developmental condition that has not yet been classified (PDD-NOS). The term “autism” is used to refer to this group of illnesses. Because there are no valid biomarkers for autism, it is impossible to make a diagnosis. Diagnosis is based on how someone behaves. The diagnostic criteria include three main areas of functioning and how much someone is impacted. In contrast to those who have autism, these folks have ordinary to above-average cognitive talents and hence are not autistic. There are a variety of neurological illnesses known as autism spectrum disorders (ASDs), which include issues with social interaction and communication and repetitive or stereotyped behaviors.

Because it deals with facts, this article has the potential to be a reliable resource. There is a 4.3:1 average male-to-female ratio for ASDs, which means that males are more likely than girls to be afflicted (48). Mental retardation significantly impacts the sex ratio, which can drop from over 5.5:1 in instances without cognitive impairment to closer than 2:1 in those with mental retardation (48).

I can tell that, despite significant progress in autism epidemiology over the past decade, there are still significant gaps in information and methodological hurdles. Accurate case definitions are critical for both descriptive and analytic epidemiology in studying autism as long as it is behaviorally characterized. Epidemiologists need to collect more data about autism spectrum disorders. They need to look for risk factors in studies that consider both genetics and environmental exposure. They also need to address the possibility of different causes of autism by looking at different groups of people with the disorder. 

References

Frith, U., & Happé, F. (2005). Autism spectrum disorder. Current biology, 15(19), R786-R790.

Lord, C., Brugha, T. S., Charman, T., Cusack, J., Dumas, G., Frazier, T., ... & Veenstra-VanderWeele, J. (2020). Autism spectrum disorder. Nature reviews Disease primers, 6(1), 1-23.

Lord, C., Cook, E. H., Leventhal, B. L., & Amaral, D. G. (2000). Autism spectrum disorders. Neuron, 28(2), 355-363.

Lord, C., Elsabbagh, M., Baird, G., & Veenstra-Vanderweele, J. (2018). Autism spectrum disorder. The lancet, 392(10146), 508-520.

Newschaffer, C. J., Croen, L. A., Daniels, J., Giarelli, E., Grether, J. K., Levy, S. E., ... & Windham, G. C. (2007). The epidemiology of autism spectrum disorders. Annu. Rev. Public Health, 28, 235-258.