Number of female Medicare enrollees ages 67-69 (2012) in Alabama
Question
Step-By-Step Individual Assignment #2
HMGT 400
Individual Assignment #2
Topic- number of female medicare enrolless
ages 67-69 (2012) in Alabama.
Dataset- Medicare National Dataset
variables- black and white, overall
Is there racial inequality Between white
and black Female Medicare Enrollees Age 67-69 in Alabama - 2012
Start with the cover page (1 page,
include name, running head).
Please look at the example: http://www.apastyle.org/manual/related/sample-experiment-paper-1.pdf
and
http://www.umuc.edu/library/libhow/apa_tutorial.cfm
Title
Students are required to post their topic and
dataset
Introduction
Introduce
the problem or topic being investigated. Include relevant background
information that: indicates why this is an issue or topic worth researching;
highlights how others have researched this topic or issue (whether
quantitatively or qualitatively), and specifies how others have operationalized
this concept and measured this phenomena quantitatively (Maximum one paragraph).
1.
Literature
Review
There is no need for literature review for this
assignment
3. What is the Research Question or Research
Hypothesis?
Some points for RQ and Hypothesis
There are basically two kinds of
research questions: testable and non-testable. Neither is better than the
other, and both have a place in applied research.
Examples of non-testable questions are:
How do managers feel about the reorganization?
What do residents feel are the most important problems
facing the community?
Respondents' answers to these questions
could be summarized in descriptive tables and the results might be extremely
valuable to administrators and planners. Business and social science
researchers often ask non-testable research questions. The shortcoming with
these types of questions is that they do not provide objective cut-off points
for decision-makers.
In order to overcome this problem,
researchers often seek to answer one or more testable research questions. Nearly
all testable research questions begin with one of the following two phrases:
Is there a significant difference between ...?
Is there a significant relationship between ...?
For example:
Is there a significant relationship between the age of
managers
and their attitudes towards the reorganization?
A research hypothesis is a testable
statement of opinion. It is created from the research question by replacing the
words "Is there" with the words "There is,"
and also replacing the question mark with a period. The hypotheses for the two
sample research questions would be:
There is a significant relationship between the age of
managers
and their attitudes towards the reorganization.
It is not possible to test a hypothesis
directly. Instead, you must turn the hypothesis into a null hypothesis. The
null hypothesis is created from the hypothesis by adding the words
"no" or "not" to the statement. For example, the null
hypotheses for the two examples would be:
There is no significant relationship between the age of
managers
and their attitudes towards the reorganization.
There is no significant difference between white and
minority residents
with respect to what they feel are the most important
problems facing the community.
All statistical testing is done on the
null hypothesis...never the hypothesis. The result of a statistical test will
enable you to either: 1) reject the null hypothesis, or 2) fail to reject the
null hypothesis. Never use the words "accept the null hypothesis."
4. Method
Discuss
the Research Methodology (in general). Describe the variable or variables that
are being analyzed. Identify the statistical test you will select to analyze
these data and explain why you chose this test.
Summarize your statistical alternative hypothesis. This section includes
the following sub-sections:
4-1. Describe
the Dataset
Example
The primary source of data will be HOPSITAL COMPRE MEDICARE
DATA (Add citation). This dataset provides information on hospital
characteristics, such as: Number of staffed beds, ownership, system membership,
staffing by nurses and non clinical staff, teaching status, percentage of
discharge for Medicare and Medicaid patients, and information regarding the
availability of specialty and high-tech services, as well as Electronic Medical
Record (EMR) use (Describe dataset in 2-3 lines, Google the dataset and find
the related website to find more information about the data).
Also describe the sample size; for
example, “we are using Medicare data-2013, this data includes 3000 obs. for all
of the hospitals in the US.”
4-2. Describe Variables
Next,
review the database you selected and select a variable or variables that are a
“best-fit.” That is, choose a variable
that quantitatively measures the concept or concepts articulated in your
research question or hypothesis.
Return
to your previously stated Research Question or Hypothesis and evaluate it in
light of the variables you have selected. (See the sample Table 1).
Table
1. List of variables used for the analysis
|
Variable |
Definition |
Description of code |
Source |
Year |
|
Total Hospital Beds |
Total facility beds set
up and staffed at the end of reporting
period |
Numeric |
Medicare Data |
2013 |
|
…. |
|
|
|
|
|
….. |
|
|
|
|
Source: AHA, 2013
4-3. Describe the Research Method for Analysis
First, describe the research method as
a general (e.g., this is a quantitative method and then explain about this
method in about one paragraph. If you have this part in the introduction, you do
not need to add here).
Then, explain the statistical method
you plan to use for your analysis (Refer to content in week 3 on
Biostatistics for information on various statistical methods you can choose
from), e.g.:
Example:
Hypothesis: AZ hospitals are more likely to have lower
readmission rates for PN compared to CA.
Research Method: To
determine whether Arizona hospitals are more likely to have lower readmission
rate than California, we will use a t-test, to determine whether differences across
hospital types are statistically
significant (You can change the test depends on your analysis).
4-4. Describe
statistical package
Add one paragraph for the statistical
package, e.g., Excel or Rstudio.
Results
Add at least
one paragraph and explain:
▪ Why you needed to see the
distribution of data before any analysis (e.g., check for outliers, finding the
best fit test; for example, if the data had not normal distribution, you can’t
use the parametric test, etc., so just add 1 or 2 sentences).
▪ Did you eliminate outliers?
(Please write 1 or 2 sentence, if applicable).
▪ How many observations do you
have in your database and how many for selected variables, report % of missing.
▪ When
you are finished with this, go for next steps:
- Present the results of your
statistical analysis; include any relevant statistical information
(summary tables, including N, mean, std. dev.).
For this part
you could have at least 1-2 tables and 1-2 figures (depending on your variables
bar-chart, pi-chart, or scatter-plot)
- When you have tables and plots
ready, think about your finding and state the statistical conclusion. That is, do the results present evidence
in favor or the null hypothesis or evidence that contradicts the null hypothesis?
Conclusion and
Discussion
▪ Review
your research questions or hypothesis.
How has your analysis informed this question or hypothesis?
Present your conclusion(s) from the results (presented above) and
discuss the meaning of this
conclusion(s) in light of the research question or hypothesis presented in your
introduction.
▪ At the end of this section, add one or two sentences and discuss
the limitations associated with this analysis
and any other statements you think are important in understanding the results
of this analysis.
List of References
Include a reference page listing the bibliographic
information for all sources cited in this report. This information should be
consistent with requirements specified in the American Psychological
Association (APA) format and style guide.
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Solution
Number of female Medicare enrollees ages 67-69 (2012) in
Alabama
Introduction
History has it that there is no single time that there has
been equality of the health status of the minority populations and
the white Americans. Even though there has been a significant improvement in
the health of these minority communities,
still equality has not been achieved, and
there are records of excess morbidity and reduced life expectancy for the
blacks and other minority groups such as the African Americans and the Native
Americans (Bhave et al. 2015). There has been an
awareness among researchers in healthcare, clinicians and even advocates that
there is a dire need for improving healthcare outcomes. This proposal is more effective especially for
the underserved population in the American healthcare system which comprises of
the African Americans, Asian Americans, Native Americans and the Latinos
(Betancourt et al. 2014). The general statistics show that there is are
significant overall visits to medical facilities in Alabama. Records provided
by the Medicare National Data by the county
in 2012 showcased that there is a low enrollment in Alabama among the black and
white ages between 67-69 (National Center for Health Statistics; the US, 2016). The
result is a proof of racial inequality in health care revealing that the blacks have fewer visits to medical facilities as compared to the white. All
the data are organized in Excel
statistical package.
Research question
Is there racial inequality between white and black
Female Medicare Enrollees Age 67-69 in Alabama - 2012
Method
The study will employ the use of surveillance, epidemiology
and 2012 Medicare database in the course of identifying whether there is a
racial inequality between the white and black female Medicare enrollees between
the ages 67-69 in Alabama. Variables for evaluation within this particular
study are the differences between the independent variables which are white and
black female patients aged 67-69 in Alabama against the dependent variable
which is the overall number of female patients who enroll in Medicare in
Alabama. The study will be carried out
both qualitatively and quantitatively. Qualitative data will be drawn from other scholarly research and interviews conducted among healthcare professionals and residents of Alabama,
both blacks, and whites. The qualitative
data are used as a foundation for a quantitative study to be accomplished. On the
other hand, a quantitative
approach will be used in this study. By quantitative approach, the researchers denote to methods
of randomized experiments and sample surveys. These methods allow for the
quantifying of results in numbers, therefore, providing a method for measurement that paves for a more exact form
(Holloway & Galvin 2016). The researcher will use hierarchical logistic
regression to assess if there was racial inequality among the black and white
females aged 67-69. Hierarchical logistic regression is the best statistical
test as it has the capability of examining the rate of enrollment in medical
facilities as provided by the data.
The study will employ the use of Excel in entry and
manipulation of data. Numerous studies have ascertained that excel is a
convenient tool in the course of data entry. The Excel statistical package is the
best tool for this particular study as it has the capability of manipulating rows
and columns that are essential in statistical analysis. Data for all the
variables; black and white, overall are going to be arranged in Excel after
which statistical analysis will be carried out using SPSS statistical package.
Results
The analysis will be
best done after data distribution to evaluate whether data distribution was a
success or not. From the hierarchical logistic regression, the researcher will
then come up with the results regarding the findings as based on the research
questions. Outliers that will be eliminated
from these study are female aged either below 67 or above 69 and those not
living Alabama. There are ten observations in the medical database, and all of them are used for the selected variables.
Conclusion
The analysis will perfectly inform the research question.
With the use of hierarchical logistic regression, the research will be in a
position of testing the data gathered. The only limitation with this analysis
is that the 2012 data used might not be a direct reflection of the actual case
in Alabama since there have been some changes in the medical sector since then.
References
Betancourt, J. R., Green, A. R., Carrillo, J. E., & Owusu
Ananeh-Firempong, I. I. (2016). Defining cultural competence: a practical
framework for addressing racial/ethnic disparities in health and health care. Public
health reports.
Bhave, P. D., Lu, X., Girotra, S., Kamel,
H., & Sarrazin, M. S. V. (2015). Race-and sex-related differences in
care for patients newly diagnosed with atrial fibrillation. Heart Rhythm,
12(7), 1406-1412.
National
Center for Health Statistics (US. (2016).
Health, United States, 2015: with special
feature on racial and ethnic health disparities.
Holloway, I., & Galvin, K. (2016). Qualitative and Quantitative research
in nursing and healthcare. John Wiley & Sons.
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