Homework: Worksheet 4

Worksheet 4

1. Preschooler hospitalized children may require the child and parental preparation during the hospital stay, so they are relieved of any anxiety or stressor through effective communication. Distractions play a role in relieving stress, and positive interaction with hospital staff is vital to embracing medical procedures performed on them.

2. The first phase is the shock phase, where they may feel anger, disbelief, denial, guilt, grief, and later fear and anxiety. The final phase is acceptance. They realize they have to support their child through chronic illness.

3. Palliative care’s primary goal is to relieve patients of chronic illnesses and their families from suffering by treating the patient’s physical, spiritual, and psychosocial symptoms. Palliative care controls symptoms and alleviates suffering in addition to caring for the person as a whole to ensure comfort.

4. Downs syndrome affects a child’s ability to hear and see well, so they need visionary and auditory assistance in learning for classroom guidance. The need for auditory and visionary help may require speech and hearing therapies, extra classroom time, and understanding educators. Additionally, the condition affects social development causing the child to develop unusual social behavior. This creates the need for friends and social support. Children with Down syndrome should not be left alone as they enjoy Peer Company and are friendly.

5. Autism spectrum disorder is a developmental and neurological condition affecting the interaction ability of people, learning, communication, and behavior. The condition is diagnosed through child assessment and behavior as they grow, as there are no definite tests to diagnose it. A child with autism spectrum disorder presents with avoiding eye contact, not smiling at people when they should, getting extremely upset about everyday things they don’t like, talking scantly, and repeating movements when communicating. Behavioral and communication therapies play a vital role in managing the condition. Care management should also involve medication to control aggression, repetitive behavior, irritability, anxiety and depression, and hyperactivity.

6. Hyperthermia is when body temperature levels are elevated due to a break in thermoregulation, causing the body to absorb more heat than it releases. On the other hand, fever is increased body temperature levels due to hypothalamus activity associated with immune activation and inflammation. High fevers indicate pathophysiology in the body, and necessary measures must be taken to avoid complications. Treating the underlying cause of fever should be given priority as it may lead to seizures, organ failure, especially the brain, and even death.

7. Bronchiolitis and bronchitis are inflammation of the airway where bronchitis affects the larger airway, and bronchiolitis affects the smaller airways. Both can present similarly with coughing, difficulty breathing, wheezing, and fever. The patient may also have a running nose, sore throat, aches and pains, and sneezing.

8. Respiratory syncytial virus is a self-limiting infection with no definite treatment, but health professionals focus on treating its symptoms. In addition, studies are being done to develop antivirus against the infection. Some prevention strategies against the infection include ensuring the hygiene of surfaces and hands is maintained, keeping children away from smokers, avoiding kissing the child if you have flu-like symptoms, and covering yourself well when coughing and sneezing.

9. Asthma presents with cough, chest tightness, difficulty breathing, and wheezing. Bronchoconstriction, excessive mucous production, and airway inflammation explain the pathophysiology of asthma. Drugs available for asthma management include inhaled corticosteroids like fluticasone and beclomethasone to act as anti-inflammatory agents. Other medications include leukotriene modifiers and bronchodilators like albuterol. Care management of asthma should be focused on medication administration, airway maintenance, avoiding allergens, and patient education on drug compliance, allergens control, and healthy eating.

10. Inhaled beta-adrenergic agonists act as bronchodilators in asthma control as they relieve asthma symptoms. Methylxanthines act to relieve airway obstruction from the mucus and reduce the hyperresponsiveness of the airway, in addition to reducing inflammation.

11. Cystic fibrosis is a genetic condition affecting the lung, abdomen, and other organs. The condition is diagnosed through a genetic test, sweat test for chloride, and blood tests. Trikafta is the approved drug for treating cystic fibrosis, and the drug should be swallowed whole without chewing or breaking it. The patient should take one orange and a blue tablet in the morning and evening, respectively, 12 hourly. The drug’s common side effects are rash, abdominal pain, headache, stuffy nose, upper respiratory tract infection, and diarrhea.

12. An infection of the middle era characterized ear pain, sleeplessness, neck pain, irritability, headache, and a feeling of pulling in the ears. The condition is treated with a high dose of amoxicillin, a penicillin antibiotic, except for patients allergic to penicillin.

13. Patients should avoid acidic, hard, spicy foods as they may lead to post-operative bleeding. Control fluid intake and output, airway maintenance, limit activities for around three days, pain management, and fever control.

14. A child with epiglottis should be put on antibiotics and anti-inflammatory agents. In addition, fluid administration, pain control, and respiratory distress should be assessed.

15. Tuberculosis is transmitted through the air where a person inhales mycobacterium tuberculosis droplets. Therefore, a child with active infection should be placed away from other patients in an airborne infection isolation room while on intensive phase treatment and the continuation phase.

16. Isoniazid mode of action inhibits the synthesis of bacterial cell walls through myoclonic acid formation, providing a bactericidal effect. The patient should be educated on taking the drug on an empty stomach, and the expected side effects are numbness, nausea, vomiting, and liver failure. Ethambutol works by obstructing cell wall formation providing bacteriostatic effects patients should be educated on compliance and side effects, including vision change, itching, and joint pain. Rifampicin works by inhibiting the formation of RNA polymerase hence bactericidal. Its side effects include skin discoloration, itching, and headache. Pyrazinamide interferes with fatty acid synthesis, and its side effects include manageable bruising, joint pain, and fever.

17. Heart defects with increased pulmonary flow include truncus arteries, anomalous pulmonary venous connection, and transposition of great arteries. Those with reduced pulmonary flow include tetralogy of Fallot and tricuspid atresia.

18. Tetralogy of Fallot is a combination of a congenital condition characterized by a narrow lung valve decreasing the pulmonary flow to the lungs. The condition is cyanotic, and this is due to a lack of enough oxygen.

19. ACE inhibitors are used to control hypertension and heart failure. Patients should be educated on taking drugs simultaneously, avoid ibuprofen or aspirin, and comply. Side effects include hyperkalemia, fatigue, headache, and cough. Digoxin is used in heart failure treatment and arrhythmias; the therapeutic levels are between 0.8 to 2.0 ng/ml, and the toxicity level is above 2.4ng/ml. Prostaglandin E1 is used in cardiac surgery to keep the ductus arteriosus open. Indomethacin is an anti-inflammatory agent with headache, dizziness, and ringing ears as the side effects.

20. Patient post cardiac catheterization will require wound care at the catheterization site, pain control, maintaining bed rest, fluid chart monitoring, clot formation assessment, and medications. Hypotonic dehydration is caused by electrolyte loss, hypertonic is caused by water loss, and isotonic dehydration is caused by water loss and electrolytes.

21. Intussusception presents with bloody mucus stool, vomiting, abdominal lump, and diarrhea. Care management is through surgery, enema, intravenous fluid administration, and vital signs assessment. Hirschsprung presents with abdominal swelling, constipation, and vomiting. Care intervention includes maintaining fluid balance, comfort, pain control, and dietary measures. Celiac disease presents fatigue, diarrhea, weight loss, bloating, and abdominal pain. Treatment is through having a gluten-free diet.