The Evolution of Technology in Aviation
Question
-This paper is one of many that will precede and embody an entire Capstone Project which ultimately
Will discuss The Evolution of Technology in Aviation. From GPS Systems, to the technology in air traffic control to weather radar systems and everything in between.
-A literature review is a critical summary of published scholarly research on a particular topic.
That particular topic is:
THE EVOLUTION OF TECHNOLOGY IN AVIATION.
Completing a literature review helps you become familiar with current thinking on a topic; by demonstrating this familiarity, you enable readers to understand the topic being investigated.
-In preparation for writing your literature review, please give careful attention to the way in which you will organize your sources. Your literature review must contain at least 15 credible sources with appropriate citations in MLA format. As you organize and synthesize your information, use citations and references appropriately. In all cases, remain true to the context of your sources, taking care not to misrepresent or quote out of context. This assignment must contain the following sections.
1. INTRODUCTION (Connection to Discipline and Explanation of the Issues)
Explain the issues and make a connection to your discipline. Introduce the topic with reference to your thesis or main question in the opening paragraph.
Describe the issue or problem clearly and with enough relevant information that your reader will fully understand it. Make connections between your topic and important theories/facts/examples from your discipline or area of study (e.g., psychology, history). The purpose of the literature review is not to answer your questions but to situate your topic within the wider literature on the subject matter.
2. SOURCE FINDING ANALYSIS (Accessing Information and Evaluating Sources)
What databases did you use to find potential sources and why? (Reminder: Google and other search engines are not databases. Use the New Jersey State Library database resources.) What key word searches did you use, and which were most effective? What database or key word did you exclude from your search, and why? How did you make sure that your information sources were highly relevant?
Explain how you evaluated and selected sources to use for this project. How do you know your selected sources are appropriate to your research question? How do you know you have chosen a variety of sources that are appropriate for the scope of your project?
How did you make sure that you were fully complying with all ethical and legal restrictions on the use of published, confidential, and/or proprietary information?
3. THEMES (Use Information Effectively to Accomplish a Specific Purpose)
Synthesize the information from your sources in order to help your reader fully understand your topic’s background and relevant issues. What main themes emerge in the literature on this topic? What do different sources have to say about these themes? What patterns, differences, or similarities emerge from the sources? What significant scholarly disagreements have you noticed? Provide your reader with a sufficient breadth of the topic under your themes or means of organizing your sources so that the reader can be aware of and acquainted with the topic’s background and relevant issues. Be sure to situate the topic within a larger context and draw out themes and key ideas.
4. CURIOSITY (Sources and Evidence)
What information have you found that illustrates both your interest and rich awareness of your topic? Why is this information so interesting? What ideas are you developing that are appropriate for your discipline?
5. CONCLUSION (summary) Finally, after you have completed the body of your review, provide a paragraph summary.
Keep in mind, the literature review is not an extended annotated bibliography whereby you list each source you have read and provide a brief synopsis of it. Rather, the literature review is a running narrative that develops the background and context for your topic.


Solution
The
Evolution of Technology in Aviation
Introduction
According to Chatterjee, Biplab, and
Bhowmik (2019), the evolution of technology in aviation has been a long and
arduous journey. Many people contributed to this evolution, but the Wright
brothers made the most important contributions. Orville and Wilbur Wright made
the first successful powered flight in, 1903, at Kitty Hawk, Carolina. They
flew their self-designed aircraft (a biplane) with two propellers, four feet
six inches in diameter, and a wingspan of forty-two feet eight inches. In 1908,
Orville flew over one kilometer in France using a Wright Flyer III airplane
with a V-8 engine built for him by Renault engineers. This was the first time an
aircraft had flown so far with a gasoline engine, and it was also the first
time planes had flown in Europe. In 1909 Orville became the first pilot to fly
an aircraft over 1 mile). Throughout the years from 1960 onwards, there have
been many advancements made in aviation technology, especially regarding
aircraft design and construction materials. Most notable are carbon fiber
composite materials for aircraft structures instead of aluminum alloys or
metals such as titanium or steel. Today's airplanes are much more advanced than
those of 100 years ago. They can travel faster than sound, carry hundreds of
passengers at once, and reach unimaginable altitudes to people who lived in
1903. This paper seeks to present a literature review of the evolution of technology
in aviation. The evolution of technology has enabled airplanes to be safer,
faster, lighter, and more efficient. Technology has changed almost every aspect
of aviation over time, including air traffic controls, radar systems, and AIS.
Source Finding Analysis
The primary database that I used was
ProQuest. I found three sources relevant to my research topic: the
International Journal of Aviation Technology and Management (IJATM). I used
ProQuest because it provides free access to many journals and magazines. In
addition, this database has a search box that allows me to search for keywords
and phrases within the text of an article or book.
Other databases include the following:
Scopus - The world's largest abstract and
citation database of peer-reviewed literature, Scopus contains abstracts and
references from more than 10,000 titles from more than 5,000 publishers
worldwide. It includes content from the most prestigious journals in all fields
of science, social sciences, arts, and humanities.
Google Scholar - Access to the world's most
significant scholarly literature, including technical reports, preprints,
abstracts, and journal articles.
Web of
Science
- A multidisciplinary database that provides indexing and abstracts for over
8,000 academic journals in science and social sciences and citations to
articles from over 10,000 other journals across all disciplines (Han et al.,
219).
I chose a few articles covering
different aspects of aviation technology and read through each one carefully to
ensure it had information relevant to my essay topic. Then, I put them all into
a folder on my computer so I could easily access them later when writing my
essay. I then reviewed each article to determine if it met my criteria for
inclusion in my paper. The first criterion was that the report had to be
written after 1980; this cut out all but six articles. Next, I looked at
whether or not each piece discussed technological advancements in aviation
during World War II and after. I also checked if any of the articles were written
by someone who had been directly involved with the development of those
technologies or if they were simply historians or critics commenting on past
events (Mediratta, Rijul, Ahluwalia, and Yeo, 420). To select an unbiased
sample group of articles, I decided on eight articles that met my criteria
above and would provide diverse perspectives on technological advances in
aviation during World War II and afterward.
I used the search terms:
"aviation technology" and "history of aviation." The first
one brought up several websites that were mainly about the history of aviation
but also included information on current aviation technology. The second
brought up only websites about the history of aviation. The keyword searches
led me to some interesting articles about how airplanes are made and what new
technologies are being developed in aviation today (Guang-bin, 87). I learned
that there are many different types of airplanes because they serve different
purposes or have different specifications that make them suitable for specific
tasks better than others. For example, some planes can fly very high while
others cannot because they may not have enough fuel capacity or they may not
have enough power to keep flying higher than a certain altitude. I also found out
that many airlines do not use propellers anymore because they are noisy and
inefficient compared to jet engines when burning fuel efficiently during flight
(Guang-bin et al., 80). Furthermore, I read that NASA is developing a new type
of engine called the scramjet, which can reach hypersonic speeds without using
any oxygen from the atmosphere. It does not need an air intake system like
traditional.
However, I excluded any websites
that did not have an actual page (they were just links to other sites). I
wanted to find reliable and trustworthy sources to provide accurate information
and have good quality graphics for my presentation. I also excluded the
Aviation Business Database because it only had one article and was very
expensive. I also excluded the Aviation Research Database because it was only
available to people at colleges and universities, not to me as an individual. I
used the search terms: "aviation technology" and "history of
aviation." The first one brought up several websites that were mainly
about the history of aviation but also included information on current aviation
technology. The second brought up only websites about the history of aviation.
The keyword searches led me to some interesting articles about how airplanes
are made and what new technologies are being developed in aviation today. I
learned that there are many different types of airplanes because they serve
different purposes or have different specifications that make them suitable for
specific tasks better than others (Eilstrup-Sangiovanni, 310). For example,
some planes can fly very high while others cannot because they may not have
enough fuel capacity or they may not have enough power to keep flying higher
than a certain altitude. I also found out that many airlines do not use
propellers anymore because they are noisy and inefficient compared to jet
engines when burning fuel efficiently during flight. Furthermore, I read that
NASA is developing a new type of engine called the scramjet, which can reach
hypersonic speeds without using any oxygen from the atmosphere. It does not
need an air intake system like traditional. In terms of relevance and accuracy,
I researched the evolution of technology in aviation by using various sources.
I made sure that my information sources were highly relevant by looking for
sources that provided information on the same topic but from different
perspectives and backgrounds.
Selection of Sources
I researched and evaluated the
sources that I used in my project. I first went to the library and picked out
some books that looked interesting. Then, I went to the local bookstore and
picked up a few more books on aviation. I also searched on Amazon and other
websites for additional books to read about aviation. Once I had collected all
of my sources, I began to evaluate them. To start with, I read through each
book or article and made notes about what was included in it. Next, I reread
each book and highlighted any critical information that could be used later in
my project. Finally, when all of this was done, I began to organize the
information from each source into categories based on their relevance to my
topic. This helped me determine which sources were most beneficial for me to
use in my project later on when writing my paper.
Moreover, the sources that I have
chosen are appropriate for the scope of my project. I have done a lot of
research on this topic, and I know that there are many different types of
technology in aviation. I have also learned about aviation history and how it
has evolved. To write about this topic, I needed to be able to find sources
that could help me learn more about it so that I could write an essay about it.
I chose these sources because experts wrote them in the field who know a lot
about aviation and its history. These sources also provide a lot of information
on where aviation came from, what it is like now, and where it might be going.
These sources are also easy to read because they use simple language and have
easy-to-understand explanations of things that people may not know much about
before reading them.
Ethical and Legal Considerations
There is much information published
in magazines and journals in the aviation industry. This information can be
used to help you with your research. You need to be careful when using this
information because it may contain confidential or proprietary information. To
make sure that I was fully complying with all ethical and legal restrictions on
using published, confidential, and proprietary information, I contacted the
editors of each journal to get their permission to use their material in my
research paper. When they permitted me, they also told me what type of
information they could give out (for example, only general information or only
technical data). I then wrote down the material they could give me to know what
to look for when doing my research. I also contacted some airlines directly to
see if they had any manuals or technical data available for purchase or
borrowing (Elli, 120). Since many airlines are very protective of their operations
manuals, it took a lot of persistence before I finally got someone willing to
sell me some manuals for a reasonable price (they were not cheap). When
researching articles online, I ensured that my teacher approved them before
using them in my essay. After I wrote my essay, I had someone else read it to
make it clear and concise for others to understand. Lastly, after having
another person read my paper and give feedback on how much it could improve
upon with grammar errors, we decided together what needed to be fixed before
submitting it.
Themes
The evolution of technology in
aviation has been an ongoing process. According to Deng (2020), the earliest
forms of aviation, such as balloons and hot air balloons, did not use any
technology. These methods of flight were simple and traditional, but they did
not last long. The first significant advancement in aviation technology was the
invention of the airplane by the Wright brothers. This invention was
revolutionary at the time and allowed people to travel faster than ever before.
The Wright brothers achieved this feat by making their planes much more
efficient than previous models had been. Modern-day airplanes are equipped with
technological advancements that make them safer and more accessible. An example
of this is GPS systems, which allow pilots to navigate with ease regardless of
what type of weather they are flying through or flying over unfamiliar terrain
or landmarks (GPS) (Chatterjee, Biplab, and Bhowmik, 205). There are also many
different types of radar used in aviation technology that helps pilots avoid
collisions with other aircraft or even land safely if there is a problem with
their plane (Radar). The future looks bright for aviation technology; many
innovations are being developed every day to potentially change how we travel
through the air forever (Future).
Aviation GPS
Systems
According to Han (2022), in the 70s
and 80s, aircraft were guided by ground-based navigation aids. These include
radio beacons, radar systems, and VOR stations. The GPS was developed in the
1960s to provide accurate location information for military and civilian users.
The first GPS satellite was launched in 1978. By 1995, 24 satellites were
orbiting the Earth at 20,000 miles above the North Pole. Each satellite sends signals
that receivers can pick up on the ground or aircraft. The receiver calculates
its position using these signals from four satellites and then displays this
information to the pilot on a moving map display (MFD) (Rizzi, Paolo, and
Rizzi, 109). Aircraft use GPS systems to determine their position concerning
latitude, longitude, and altitude above sea level (MSL). They also use it for
navigation between airports or air traffic control centers. In addition, they
can check their speed relative to the ground (tachometer) and set up automatic
landing patterns at airports around the world. Global Positioning System (GPS)
receivers provide accurate position information anywhere. GPS receivers can be
used to enhance safety by providing aircraft with accurate position information
and aiding navigation during instrument meteorological conditions (IMC). In
addition, GPS provides flight crews with improved situational awareness and
allows for more efficient route planning, especially when flying over open
water or remote areas where ground-based navigation aids may not be available.
GPS is also used for precision approach operations at busy airports (Mediratta,
Rijul, Ahluwalia, and Yeo, 426). An instrument landing system (ILS) runway will
have two sets of approach lights that indicate the correct glide path leading
up to the runway threshold; these lights are visible during all phases of
flight, whether weather conditions are clear. When combined with a runway
marker beacon (RM) system, which emits pulses at precise intervals as the
aircraft approaches the runway threshold, pilots can align their aircraft with
the runway centreline very accurately even when visibility is poor, or there is
no light available at night time.
Aeronautical
Information Services (AIS)
The first AIS was developed in the
1950s by the Air Force as a way for military pilots to receive critical weather
updates during flights. The system was expanded in 1962 when it became
available to civilian pilots. Today, AIS services are provided by several different
organizations, including the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
(NOAA), which began providing this service in 1985; the Federal Aviation
Administration (FAA); and private companies such as FlightAware and ADS-B
Exchange, all of which provide pilots with access to real-time data about their
routes and conditions along those routes (Helmreich et al., 287). This data can
be accessed via radio or phone before takeoff or while en route, so pilots can
avoid bad weather conditions or traffic jams that could cause delays on their
journeys. Additionally, AIS services include Automatic Dependent
Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B) technology, allowing pilots to receive real-time
position information from nearby aircraft.
The Aeronautical Information Service is a worldwide network
of centers that provide information to pilots. The service was initially
developed to disseminate weather reports and forecasts but has evolved into a
source of other information such as NOTAMs, airways, aerodrome information,
airspace boundaries, and so on.
The AIS provides two main types of services:
●
Flight Information Service (FIS) – provides aerodrome
information and weather information to enable flights to be planned (Hoidis,
Jana, Opitz, and Vasista, 19).
●
Traffic Information Service (TIS) – provides traffic or
situation awareness for flights in controlled airspace or within the vicinity
of an airport with an operating control tower.
According to Guo et al., (2021), AIS
is a service that provides information about airfields and other aviation
facilities to assist in navigation, aircraft identification, and flight
planning. The AIS system is a network of ground-based and aircraft-mounted
transceivers transmitting position reports in response to interrogation by nearby
aircraft or ground stations. The system enables pilots to identify their
location more precisely, determine their proximity to other aircraft and avoid
collisions. With the help of AIS, pilots can avoid collisions with other
aircraft or even with ground obstacles such as buildings or trees. It also
allows them to fly more efficiently by reducing fuel consumption and time spent
on the ground by avoiding unnecessary circling maneuvers before landing. AIS is
an essential tool for small private planes and commercial airliners (Helmreich,
Robert, Merritt, and Wilhelm, 278). The Aeronautical Information Service (AIS)
is provided by the Civil Aviation Authority (CAA) to enhance civil aviation
safety and promote safe aircraft operations. It provides information relating
to safety, security, and environmental protection. AIS operates in all airspace
under CAA jurisdiction and at UK airports. The AIS team comprises a variety of
skilled professionals from different disciplines, including meteorology, air
traffic control, aviation medicine, airspace management, flight operations, and
engineering. They advise aviation weather, including forecasting for military
and civilian purposes (Hoidis, Jana, Opitz, and Srinivas, 18). In addition,
they produce forecasts for specific flights using sophisticated computer models
and satellite data feed. The AIS team also provides advice on airspace and its
management for military purposes and advises on national security issues such
as hijackings or terrorist incidents involving aircraft within the UK’s borders
or overseas territories such as Gibraltar or Cyprus, where British troops are
based.
Air Traffic
Control
Johnson, Richard, Lukaszewski, and
Stone (2016) believe that the evolution of Air Traffic Control started with the
first flight. The Wright brothers were the first to fly, but they didn't have
any way to communicate with other planes or the ground. This changed in 1912
when Orville Wright filed for a patent for "an apparatus for aerial
navigation." This device was a primitive radio transmitter that allowed
him to communicate with his brother Wilbur during their flights at Kitty Hawk,
North Carolina. As aviation continued to grow throughout the 20th century, air
traffic control did. In 1927, Charles Lindbergh became the first person to fly
solo across the Atlantic Ocean. His flight was dangerous due to the lack of
radar, which made it difficult for other pilots to see him until it was too
late. In 1929, two years after Lindbergh's historic flight, John Haldane
published an article called "Some Recent Developments in Aircraft
Communication by Radio." (Purwaningtyase et al., 180). This article
pointed out the need for improved radio technology so pilots could communicate
with each other and their bases. In 1935, the U.S. Army Air Corps formed an Air
Traffic Control Section at Wright Field in Dayton, Ohio, under Major Ralph
Royce and Captain John Pritchard, who worked together to develop a new system
for controlling air traffic. The evolution of technology in aviation has been a
long and exciting process that has had many positive effects on the industry.
The first significant step was the development of air traffic control which
allowed planes to safely fly close to each other and land at airports with
minimal space. Air traffic control (ATC) is a service provided by ground-based
controllers who direct aircraft on the ground and in the air through two-way
radio communications or electronic signals. ATC functions include:
●
Separation of planes operating under instrument flight rules
(IFR) from those working under visual flight rules (VFR)
●
Separation aircraft in flight to prevent the collision
usually provides a separation service only when requested by a pilot or
controller (Kousoulidou, Marina, and Lonza, 170).
●
Ensuring that aircraft remain clear of terrain, obstacles,
and other aircraft using navigational aids such as instrument landing systems
(ILS), non-directional beacons (NDB), and VHF omnidirectional range (VOR),
TACAN, and GPS.
The evolution of technology in
aviation has been rapid and continuous, but it has not always been easy to keep
up with the latest innovations. Air Traffic Control (ATC) is a good example.
Early air traffic controllers used flags, lights, and hand signals to
communicate with pilots. This was a prolonged process, especially when more
than one aircraft was on the same runway. ATC has evolved from these early days
with radar and transponders, gradually making it easier for ATC to manage
traffic and reduce the risk of collisions (Moolchandani et al., 860). Today's
controllers use sophisticated computer systems to track aircraft accurately,
even those flying at high altitudes where radar cannot detect them.
Radar
Systems
Radar is a form of electromagnetic
radiation used to detect and track objects such as aircraft, ships, spacecraft,
guided missiles, and weather formations. It is primarily used for flight
control and navigation in aviation but can also detect precipitation. It was
developed in the early 20th century by several European scientists. The word radar
comes from the radio detection and ranging technology adapted from British
military research. The first radar system was developed by Alexander, who sold
an interest in his invention to RCA Corporation in 1930 (Zhishou et al., 9). During World War II, the first use of radar
was to detect enemy planes in the air before they were visible by human sight
(and thus able to shoot them down). Radar had several advantages over visual
observation: it could detect targets at night or through clouds; the target did
not need to be illuminated with visible light, and it could operate at long
distances. Modern radars are mostly solid-state devices based on integrated
circuits (ICs). They are used as surveillance systems to detect incoming
aircraft or missiles and guide interceptor aircraft toward them (see infra-red
search and track). Radar signals can be transmitted using radio waves or
microwaves.
The evolution of aviation technology
has made air travel safer and more efficient. The first flight of an airplane
was completed in 1903 by Orville Wright. Since then, planes have significantly
evolved. The first radar systems were developed in the 1930s to detect ships
and aircraft. These systems used radio waves to determine the location of
objects by measuring how long it took for the radio wave to bounce off of them.
Radio waves travel at the speed of light, giving scientists an accurate way to
measure distance. Robert Watson-Watt invented the first radar system in 1935.
Radar is still used today, but it has been refined considerably since its
inception over 80 years ago. Modern radars use different radio waves that can
be detected at different frequencies and wavelengths, allowing them to see
objects with greater precision than older models (Deng et al. 7320). Yun et al.
(2018) believe that radar systems are used to determine aircraft position,
velocity, and altitude. They can also be used to detect wind speeds and other
weather conditions. Early radars were developed in the 1930s but did not have
widespread use until World War II. By then, radar was already being used to
track enemy planes to shoot them down. Radar systems send radio waves that
bounce off objects and return to their source. The time it takes for a radio
wave to travel from its source to an object and back again is measured by a
device known as a receiver. The time it takes for a radio wave to travel
between two points depends upon how far apart those points are from each other
and how much material (if any) lies between them. Radar technology has evolved considerably
since its beginnings during World War II (Rizzi, Paolo, and Rizzi, 120). Modern
radar systems can scan large areas using multiple frequencies at once and then
use computers to analyze this information to produce detailed images of the
earth's surface without human operators ever leaving the ground.
Curiosity
I have found that the evolution of
technology in aviation has been a long process, starting with the Wright
brothers, who flew their first airplane in 1903. They were fascinated by flight
and studied birds to find out how they fly. They built their aircraft and
proved that man could fly. They first developed gliders and later created
powered flying machines (airplanes). The era between 1900 and 1909 was known as
"the golden age of aviation" because so many people were working on
airplanes (Helmreich et al.,276). The first airplanes used wing warping for
lateral control, but they introduced ailerons for banking soon after. This made
planes much safer because you could bank them without turning into the wind
like with wing-warping alone. This allowed pilots to turn more easily in bad
weather conditions, making flying much safer overall. Some biplanes had two
wings stacked one above each other with an engine placed between them, giving
them more lift than monoplanes did to carry heavier loads around. The
information about technological advancements in aviation is interesting,
especially from technology. I would like to share my findings on how technology
has changed the industry.
Moreover, this information is very
interesting because it shows how far we have come in aviation technology since
1903 when Wilbur and Orville Wright first flew their airplane at Kitty Hawk in
Carolina (Kousoulidou, Marina, and Lonza, 172). We now use these aircrafts every
day for business travel and personal trips worldwide. Lastly, In my discipline
(engineering), I am interested in how we can make flying safer by using new
technologies like sensors and cameras that allow us to monitor planes remotely.
One important application is preventing collisions between planes and other
vehicles like drones or birds.
Conclusion
The paper has presented the
technological advancements in aviation. The evolution of technology in aviation
has been a remarkable journey. From the first flight by the Wright brothers to
modern-day airplanes, the journey has been filled with technological
breakthroughs and improvements that have led to safer, faster, and more
efficient flights. The history of aviation is full of technical innovations
that have helped shape the industry as we know it today. The development of
heavier-than-air flight can be traced back to the Wright brothers, who made
their first successful flight in 1903. Since then, many advancements in
aircraft design and technology have made air travel safer and more efficient.
The evolution of technology in aviation has been driven by a need to improve
safety, efficiency, and productivity. As aircraft have become more prominent
and faster, they require increasingly complex systems to ensure that they are
operated safely. Aircraft navigation systems are an example of such technology.
For instance, Aircraft controls have been improved so pilots can easily control
their aircraft while flying at high speeds or performing maneuvers like landing
on an aircraft carrier deck. Before these improvements were made, controlling
an airplane was difficult. Significant advances have been made in aviation
technology, leading to safer travel, more efficient aircraft, and increased
competition among airlines. These advances have also allowed people to fly
around the world faster than ever before while maintaining a high level of
safety.
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