Effects of Imperialism: Africa and East Asia
Question
Describes a broader historical context relevant to the prompt.
To earn this point, the response must relate the topic of the prompt to broader historical events, developments, or processes that occur before, during, or continue after the time frame of the question. This point is not awarded for merely a phrase or a reference.
THESIS / CLAIM
Responds to the prompt with a historically defensible thesis/claim that establishes a line of reasoning.
To earn this point, the thesis must make a claim that responds to the prompt, rather than merely restating or rephrasing the prompt. The thesis must consist of one or more sentences located in one place, either in the introduction or the conclusion.
EVIDENCE & SUPPORT FOR ARGUMENT (Must Earn 1 to Earn 2)
1. Provides SPECIFIC EXAMPLES of evidence relevant to the topic of the
prompt.
To earn one point, the response must identify two or more specific historical examples of evidence relevant to the
topic of the prompt.
2. SUPPORTS AN ARGUMENT in response to the prompt using specific and
relevant examples of evidence.
To earn two points the response must use specific historical evidence to support an argument in response to the
prompt.
ANALYSIS & REASONING (Must Earn 1 to Earn 2)
1. Uses historical reasoning (e.g. comparison, causation, CCOT) to frame or structure an argument that addresses the prompt.
To earn the first point, the response must demonstrate the use of historical reasoning to frame or structure an argument, although the reasoning might be uneven or imbalanced.
2. Demonstrates a complex understanding of the historical development that is the focus of the prompt, using evidence to corroborate, qualify, or modify an argument that addresses the question.
To earn the second point, the response must demonstrate a complex understanding, which must be part of the argument and not merely a phrase or reference. This could include:
• Explaining nuance by analyzing
multiple variables
• Explaining both similarity and difference, both continuity and change, or multiple causes, or both causes and effects
• Explaining relevant and insightful connections within and across periods
TOTAL POINTS:
/6
• Confirming the validity of an argument by corroborating multiple perspectives across themes
• Qualifying or modifying an argument by considering diverse or alternative views or evidence Based on LEQ guidelines released by the College Board July 2017.
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Solution
Effects of Imperialism: Africa and East Asia
Analyze the similarities and differences in the effects of Imperialism between 1750 -1900.
The Industrial Revolution in the late 1700s through the 1800s resulted in a tremendous need for new colonies, minerals for use as raw materials, and expansion to more markets for European powers. After losing its territories to the United stated, European powers were prohibited by the Monroe Doctrine from trying to colonize America again, forcing it to seek new colonies in Africa, the Middle East, and East Asia to expand its colonies for more raw materials their industries. The European nations reached Africa through the Berlin Conference, and they started scrambling for Africa, and China forced opium and trade on them. During the Berlin Conference, leaders from many powerful nations across Europe met and subdivided Africa without necessarily seeking consent from African leaders. As a result, the scramble and partition had many devastating implications, some of which are felt today.
Despite the implications of imperialism in Africa and East Asia sharing a lot of similarities, such as providing a market for European goods and allowing local leaders to take charge of some governance responsibilities, differences in the effects on the colonized regions were significant too. Among the notable differences included maintaining the Qing Empire and the destructions of kingdoms in Africa before the colonial era and recombining them into colonial states (Borg, 2020). Also, Africa was used as a source of raw materials to be used as raw materials by the colonists while European powers engaged in efforts to reroute finished products from East Asia.
The Qing was a foreign dynasty that did not have proper control over the people and its borders, making it vulnerable to outside forces. As a result, the Europeans were focused on ensuring that China was weakened. They did so by creating spheres of influence and implementing extraterritoriality whereby they would have Europeans rule together with the Chinese to maintain control of the Qing dynasty (Borg, 2020). However, Chinese people were not thrilled by these arrangements, which resulted in Europeans' resistance to the Opium Wars. Additionally, conflict erupted when emperors were triggered to fight the colonialist government by different camps of advisors.
Europeans were determined to ensure that they did away with the existing kingdoms and other forms of political powers before they established their own rule. For instance, in Nigeria, the colonialists combined the hostile and diverse ethnic groups like the Christianized Igbo and the Muslim Hausa-Fulani, causing serious divisions among the groups and eventually conquering them(Pierre, 2020). Even though Europeans ensured that they gave allowances to their African and Chinese leaders in their colonies, they did so for their own benefit. For example, in Africa, the Tutsis were given the power to control the Hutus by the British Allowing the Qing Kingdom to remain existent and taking control of its governance allowed the European to trade their goods in peace.
European powers completely reorganized the people and the economy into mining and plantation farming in Africa. Native people were enslaved to work on these plantations, where they were paid little or nothing. However, in China, colonizers limited their control to trading opium as means to restore the balance of trade from European nations trading too much silver to China in exchange for other goods from the region (Borg, 2020). Considering that Europeans did not have the capacity to produce many finished goods, they used opium to restore balance.
References
Borg, F. (2020). Yuanmingyuan and the effects of the Second Opium War (Bachelor's thesis, University of Malta).
Pierre, J. (2020). Slavery, anthropological knowledge, and the racialization of Africans. Current Anthropology, 61(S22), S220-S231.
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